1、定语从句定语从句Complex sentence 复合句：复合句：由连词连接两个或多个主谓结构的句子，其中一个由连词连接两个或多个主谓结构的句子，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句）（主句），另一个或一，另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（如主语、（如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语）。宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语）。复合句复合句 =主句主句+定语从句定语从句一一.概念概念二二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法三三.判断用关系代词还是关系副词判断用关系代词还是关系副词四
2、四.that和和which的选择的选择五五.关系代词前介词的确定关系代词前介词的确定一.概念：在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。：紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。1关系代词：2关系副词：The students(who do not study hard)will not pass the exam.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法1.who/that2.who/whom/that3.whose4.which/that5.as6.when7.where8.w
3、hy1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there？2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时，关系代词可省略。Do you know the gentleman(whom/who/that)we met just now？当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。The
4、man(whom/who/that)I spoke with is my teacher.The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.3.whose：指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。Whose+n.=the+n.+of which/whomI didnt find the desk whose leg was broken.(主语)He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday.(动宾)The boss i
5、n whose company I work is very kind.(介宾)4.which/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.The pen(which/that)you found yesterday is mine.The games(that/which)the young
6、 men competed in were difficult.The games which the young men competed were difficult.注：介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“the same as；such as；so as；as as；as follows”固定结构中:Such books as you tell me are interesting.My hometown is no longer the same as it
7、 was.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.Id like to have the same books as are used in your school.He is not such a person as I expected.注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数。Our team lost the game，as/which
8、was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified，as/which I could see from her eyes.He married her，as/which was natural.区别as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her，as/which was natural.=As was natural，he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer，which/as is known to a
9、ll.=As is known to all，Mark Twin is a great writer.as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：as we all know，as is known to all，as everybody can see，as is expected，As is known/said/reported/told/we all know等。如：As we all know，paper was first made in China.区别主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Our class has won the football
10、 match，which made us very happy.Bamboos are hollow，which makes them very light.竹子是空的，所以很轻。从句含否定意义时常用which.She didnt pass the exam，which we couldnt expect.6.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。I still remember the time when I joined the League.=I still remember the time
11、 on which I joined the League.7.where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的where还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。I still remember the school where I joined the League.=I still remember the school in which I joined the League.8.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason，不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=for whichI dont know t
12、he reason why he was late yesterday.The reason why(for which)he was late is that he missed the bus.注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why.This is the reason(that/which)he gave/explained to us.三.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】1 1、找出定语从句中是否主语和宾语都齐全。如齐全用关系副词。用什么关系副词看先行词。I will never forget the days _when_(I stayed with you).Do yo
13、u remember the lake _where_(you first met your girlfriend.）Please give me the reason _why_(you made such a great success).2、如定语从句中缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物 动词，如是，用关系代词，如不是，用关系副词。Yesterday we went to visit the house _where_(the great writer used to live).My father was born in the year _when_(the Second Wo
14、rld War broke out).3、如定语从句中谓语结构是被动结构，有主语，则用关系副词。Kunming is a beautiful place _where_(flowers are seen all the year round).October 1st is the day _when_(new China was founded).(1)that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况引导词只用that，不用which。a.All that can be done has been done.b.I am sure she has something(that)you ca
15、n borrow.c.There is little(that)the enemy can do besides surrender.Ive read all the books(that)you gave me.This is the best book(that)Ive ever read.This is the first composition(that)he has written in English.That white flower is the only one (that)I really like.This is the very book(that)I want to
16、find.如：He talked about the teachers and schools（that）he had visited.Who is the person that is standing at the gate?Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?What that is on the table belongs to me?Mary is no longer the girl(that)she used to be.China is no longer the country t
17、hat it used to be.只用which的情况1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时。The room in which he lives is very large.2.引导非限定性定语从句时(主，宾都用which，都不能省略).Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.The house，which I visited yesterday，is very large.3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句。He always makes fun of me，whi
18、ch upsets me.其他特殊情况。1.先行词是these，those指人时，关系代词只用who.Those who are playing over there are my students.2.先行词是人称代词(he，she)时，关系代词只用who.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代词someone，anyone，everyone，no one，somebody，anybody，everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who.Anybody who breaks the rules would be p
19、unished.五.关系代词前介词的确定在定语从句中，介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：1.介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why.如：I still remember the day on which(when)I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。The factory in which(=where)I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。This is the reason for which(=why)he
20、 was late.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。2.介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。They arrived at a farmhouse，in front of which sat a small boy.他来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。I saw a man，on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。3.介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如：Could you tell
21、 me for whom youve bought this coat？The man，from whom I learned the news，is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。4.介词+which/whom，用于被动结构的定语从句中，作状语，说明动作的出发者。如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。5.不定代词+of+which/whom，在
22、定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分，常用的不定代词有：both，all，any，some，each，none，most等。如：There are a lot of books here，none of which belongs to me.这儿有许多书，可一本也不属于我。Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes，all of which were expensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服，他们都很贵。6.数词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如：In our class there a
23、re fifty-four students，twenty-five of whom are girls.我们班有54名学生，25人是女生。Two watches were stolen，one of which was mine.两只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7.名词+of+which代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：I saw some trees，the leaves of which(=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。I live in a house，the windows of which
24、 are all broken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which,where=in/on/at+which,why=for+which练习题1、All_ is useful to us is good.A、which B、what C、that D、whether2、They have decided to finish their work,_,I think is a wise choice.A、that B、what C、which D、whether3、There are t
25、hree libraries in our school,_ were built five years ago.A、all of them B、either of them C、all of which D、both of that4、This is the school _ my father worked 20 years ago.A、that B、when C、which D、where5、This is the very factory_we visited last year.A、that B、which C、what D、the one6、The text is one of t
26、he most interesting stories_ learnt in the past three days.A、that have B、that have been C、which has D、which has been7、The college wont take anyone _ eyesight is weak.A、who B、whose C、of whom D、which8、Let me think of a proper situation _ this sentence can be used.A、where B、that C、of whom D、which9、The man _ you are talking is in the next room.A、to whom B、about whom C、about who D、whom10、This is the last factory _ he used to work at,many workers of _ still have a good relationship with him.A、that;it B、which;whomC、that;which D、which;thatKEY1-5 CCCDA 6-10 BBABC
