1、Grammar and usage Non-restrictive relative clausesUNIT 1 WISH YOU WERE HEREShe is a girl.She isShe is a girl.She is pretty pretty.He is a boy.He is handsome.He is a boy.He is handsome.She is a She is a prettypretty girl.girl.He is a He is a handsomehandsome boy.boy.定语定语 修饰名词或代词的词语或短语名词或代词名词或代词She is
2、 a girl She is a girl whowho is pretty.is pretty.He is a boyHe is a boy who who is handsome.is handsome.定语从句和定语的作用是一样的，都为了修饰名词（或代词）；区别是定语是形容词而定语从句是一个句子。被修饰的名词（或代词）叫 。定语从句置于先行词之后。连接先行词和从句的词叫 。先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句的先行词可以是指人、物、时间、地点、原因等的名词或代词，也可以是整个主句。The manThe man whowho lives next to us lives next to us
3、is a policeman.is a policeman.先行词先行词_ 定语从句定语从句结构结构：先行词先行词+关系词关系词 +句子句子关系词关系词关系代词关系代词指代的先行词指代的先行词在从句中所做的成分在从句中所做的成分that指人或物whichwhomwhowhose主语、宾语、表语指物指人指人或指物主语、宾语、定语主语、宾语、表语宾语定语指人Summary 1.He has two sisters who work in the same company.2.He has two sisters,who work in the same company.Compare the fo
4、llowing examples.He has only two sisters.Perhaps he has more than two sisters.Below is an article about the advantages and disadvantages of tourism.Find the sentences with non-restrictive relative clauses and fill in the box.A Exploring the rulesl 社区的命脉社区的命脉 l 服务行业服务行业 l 持续增长持续增长 l 依次，轮流；反过来依次，轮流；反过
5、来 l 繁荣的产业繁荣的产业 l 称心如意的境遇称心如意的境遇 l 观光胜地观光胜地 l 和谐相处和谐相处 Useful Expressionsl 野生物栖息地野生物栖息地 l 土地的自然特性土地的自然特性 l 处于危险中处于危险中 l 使使.受到伤害受到伤害 l 失去对失去对.的尊重的尊重 l 旨在旨在.l 未来许多代人未来许多代人 Useful ExpressionsFind the sentences with non-restrictive relative clauses in the article and fill in the box of part A on page 6.T
6、hese industries,in turn,give jobs to the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.The prices of tourist essentials such as transport,accommodation and food usually increase too,which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.More nature-centred tourist attractions,where man and n
7、ature live in harmony,can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained,wildlife habitats are likely to suffer,which could endanger the local plants and animals.Local festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a
8、 particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.We often use a non-restrictive relative clause to add extra information to a noun,pronoun or noun phrase in the main clause or the main clause.A comma is usually used to separate the adding clause and the main clause.Working out the ru
9、les We usually introduce a non-restrictive relative clause with a relative pronoun like who,whom,and whose or a relative adverb like when and where.The relative pronoun or adverb(1)_(can/cannot)be left out in a non-restrictive relative clause.cannotWorking out the rules We can use(2)_(which/who/wher
10、e)in a non-restrictive relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole.whichWorking out the rules一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，这种从句不能省略，否则主句的意思就不完整、不明确。翻译时一般译成前置定语，意为“的”。Papers cuts of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Norther
11、n and Southern Dynasty.早在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。A soldier who does not want to be a marshal is not a good soldier.不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句2.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充或描绘作用，如果省略，也不影响主句的意思，主句也能独立存在，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开。翻译时一般将主句和从句译成并列形式。The accident,which took place in Kingston,a town southwest of London,ha
12、ppened because of the fog.事故发生在伦敦西南部的一个小城市金斯顿，起因是有雾。Difficulty is the nurse of greatness,who roughly rocks her children into strength.苦难是伟大的养育者，她粗暴着晃动着摇篮让子女长大成人。注意：引导非限制定语从句的关键词不能省略。(1)St Petersburg,_ is a very beautiful city,was once called Leningrad.(2)Yesterday I met Li Ping,_seemed to be very bu
13、sy.(3)He came to the United States in 1914,_World Warbroke out.(4)Singapore,_I have lived for ten years,is a dynamic country with many a skyscaper.(5)The Queen will visit the town in May,_she will open the new hospital there.同限制性定语从句一样，同限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可非限制性定语从句也可由由关系代词关系代词/关系关系副词副词引导，但从句中的引导，但从句
14、中的关系词不可省略关系词不可省略，关系代词，关系代词that和关系副词和关系副词why不可用于非限制性定语从句。不可用于非限制性定语从句。whichwho whenwherewhen(1)Beijing,_ is the capital of China,has a very long history.(2)This is New York,_ I have visited for several times.(3)He seems not to have grasped what I meant,_ greatly upsets me.(4)He was late again,_ made
15、the teacher very unhappy.注：which引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词可以是主句中的一个名词（指物），也可以是整个句子；which在从句中可作主语、宾语或定语等，不可省略。whichwhichwhich which3.as作关系代词既指人又指物，引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。一般用于suchas，the sameas，asas结构中，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。Money,as someone once said,is the root of all evils.正如有人曾经说过的那样，金钱是万恶之源。（2）as引导非限制性定语从句，还可以代表整个主句的内容，
16、意为“正如，像。”He is from the south,as I know from his accent.他是南方人，我从他的口音可以听出来。As was expected,he performed the task with success.正如所料，他成功地完成了任务。(1)Taiwan belongs to China,_ is known.(2)Things will turn out contrary to ones wishes,_ is often the case.(3)_ the saying goes,“A years work begins with spring.
17、”注：as可以像which 一样引导一个定语从句修饰整个先行主句，而不是某一个单词，常常可以译为“正如，正像；这”;as是关系词中唯一可以置于句首的关系词。asas/whichAs二、“介词+关系代词”结构1.“介词+关系代词”结构的作用“介词+关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性从句。该结构中的介词依照具体情况而定。You are not the first I have said no to.（省略了关系代词，介词to职能位于句末。）注意：在介词后面作宾语的关系代词不能省略，如果省略了关系代词，介词必须放在定语从句的末尾。2.介词后关系代词的选用先行词指物时，关系代词用whi
18、ch；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词一起也可位于介词之后。Mountain Himalayas,the peaks of which are hardly seen,is the highestmountain in the world.喜马拉雅山是世界上最高的山，它的山顶几乎看不到。（先行词指物，用which。）二、“介词+关系代词”结构先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词一起也可位于介词之后。Tom,by whom the window was broken,has been critic
19、ized by his teacher.汤姆打坏了这个窗户，受到了老师的批评。（先行词指人，用whom。）He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen the bag.他就是被小偷从其房间偷走包的那个人。（whose与room一起置于介词from之后。）拓展：“介词+关系代词”前可含有不定代词、数词或名词等。He gave several reasons,few of which/of which few were valid.他给出了几个理由，几乎都站不住脚。二、“介词+关系代词”结构3.“介词+关系代词”结构的转换“介词+关系代词”
20、引导的定语从句，有时可以与“介词+关系代词+不定式”转换。She must have time in which to grow calm.她需要时间冷静。（=in which she could grow calm）Fred has some money in the bank,with which to help her mother.弗雷德在银行有些存款，用这些钱可以帮助他母亲。（=with which he can help his mother）(1)The car,_ I paid a lot of money,is now out of date.(2)I suggest you
21、 go to a specialist,_ you can get answers to most of your questions.(3)In this chapter,one of our problems is to discover the principles _ these tests are based.介词+关系代词也可引导非限制性定语从句，但在这种定语从句中，介词通常前置，关系代词也不可省略。for whichfrom whomon which (1)Many young people,_ were well-educated,headed for remote regio
22、ns to chase their dreams.(2)This is the house,_ broke last night.(3)The people,_ had been damaged by the flood,were given help by the Red Cross.名词名词/代词代词/数词数词+of+whom/which引导的引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句。注：注：whose+n.(人人/物物)=the+n.+of whom/which =of whom/which+the+n.most of whomthe window of whichall of whos
23、e homes四、区别（1）结构不同限制性定语从句常紧接在先行词后，主、从句间没有逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开。A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.医生就是关照人们健康的人。（限制性定语从句。）As you know,I dont like drinking or smoking.你知道的，我不喜欢喝酒，抽烟。（非限制性定语从句。）四、区别（2）功能不同。限制性定语从句对先行词进行修饰、限制；非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明。He asked me a question which was abo
24、ut my study at school.他问了一个有关我在学校学习的问题。This is my motorbike,which was sent to me by my uncle.这是我的摩托车。它是我的叔叔送的。四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句（3）先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词，非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、短语或整个句子。I know nothing that happened last night.昨天晚上所发生的事情我一点儿也不知道。（定语从句修饰前面的nothing。）He has made great progress,which make
25、s he happy.他进步很大，这使我们大家很高兴。（定语从句说明前面整个句子的内容。）四、区别（4）翻译成汉语的意思不同。非限制性定语从句一般要译成两句话，即把非限制性定语从句单独译成一句话放在主句之后，补充说明主句。The car which he drives was bought last year.他开的那辆车是去年买的。He drives a new car,which was bought last year.他开着一辆新车，这车是去年买的。B Applying the rulesRewrite the following sentences using non-restric
26、tive relative clauses.P7 B1 My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people,some of whom had never been abroad before.My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai,where my grandma was born.Dr Luo,who is an expert in Chinese history,will give us a tour of Beijing.Im reading a guide
27、book to Rome,which is really fascinating and helpful.Id rather visit Europe in summer,when the weather is at its best.Applying the rulesB 2Below is an article about how to be a sustainable tourist.Complete the article with the correct non-restrictive relative clauses in the box below.There is one cl
28、ause you do NOT need to use.Write the letters in the blanks.Applying the rulesSustainable tourism,(1)_,is not just about seeing the sightsit is also about connecting with people and their cultures,making a positive impact on the places we visit and enhancing opportunities for the future.So,how can w
29、e be sustainable tourists?c which is becoming increasingly popular nowadaysApplying the rulesIt is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner.Getting to a tourist destination by airplane,(2)_,has a huge impact on the global environment.While avoiding flying is not always practical,we
30、can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport or even on foot whenever possible.a which greatly increases our carbon footprintApplying the rulesWhen at the hotel,we can reduce our impact by cutting back on water consumption and not having our bedding and towels washed ever
31、y day.We also need to protect the local culture.When visiting temples or churches,(3)_,we should dress appropriately.d where a strict dress code may be requiredApplying the rulesWhile travelling,we should respect the right to privacy.We must ask for permission before taking pictures of the local peo
32、ple,(4)_.In summary,being a sustainable tourist comes down to respectfor nature,cutlture and people.b who are human beings and not on display1.William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes _we can learn without repeating them.(2021天津卷第一次)A.from which B.in which C.with whom D
33、.for whom2.Dr.Rowan,_ secretary resigned two weeks ago,has had to do all his own typing.(2021天津卷第二次)A.whose B.of whom C.of which D.which直击高考3.I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week,_ my classmates recommended to me.(2020北京卷)A.who B.which C.when D.where4.Until now,we have rais
34、ed 50,000 pounds for the poor children,_ is quite unexpected.(2020四川卷)A.that B.which C.who D.it5.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,_ uses it differently.(2020天津卷)A.all of which B.each of which C.all of them D.each of them6.Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,_ she opened with her late husband Les.(2019全国卷)which
