1、并列句与状语从句根据考纲要求,考生应做到:1.掌握并列句中表并列、递进、选择、转折和因果关系的连词;2.掌握状语从句,尤其是时间、让步、条件和地点状语从句;3.熟记常用的并列连词和引导各种状语从句的连词的基本和特殊用法;4.根据上下文的逻辑关系确定合适的连词;1.(2016四川改错)Mom has a full-time job,so she has to do most of the housework._解析:此处表示转折,用并列连词but。2.(2016天津)_ the average age of the population increases,there are more and
2、more old people to care for.解析:这里是as引导时间状语从句。so改为butAs3(2016江苏)_ some people are motivated by a need for success,others are motivated by a fear of failure.解析:此处是让步状语从句,用While/Though/Although引导。4(2015重庆)If you miss this chance,it may be years _you get another one.解析:It may be+时间段+before.表示“可能要多久才会”。b
3、eforeWhile/Though/Although5.(2015浙江)Just_ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence,a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.解析根据语境可知,这里是as引导方式状语从句,as意为“正如”。as一、并列句(一)并列句的4种类型1表并列、递进或顺承关系:and,both.and.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.The earth is one of the suns planets,and th
4、e moon is our satellite.地球是太阳系中的一颗行星,月亮是地球的卫星。2表转折、对比关系:but,yet,whileThe problem was a little hard,yet I was able to work it out.这道题有点难,然而我却把它做出来了。The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.北京的冬天很冷,然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。3表选择关系:or,otherwise,or else,either.or.,not.but.Now you can either ha
5、ve a rest or you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息,也可以去看电影。4表因果关系:so,for(表“由于”,一般不放在句首)He found it increasingly difficult to read,for his eyesight was beginning to fail.由于他视力开始下降,他发现读书越来越困难了。(二)并列句的2大句式1when“就在这时,突然”,常用以下句式One Friday,we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard crie
6、s for help.当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时,我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业,妈妈就让她练习钢琴。One Friday,we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时,我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。She had just f
7、inished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业,妈妈就让她练习钢琴。2and与or/otherwise用于并列句Find ways to praise your children often,and youll find they will open their hearts to you.设法常常表扬你的孩子,这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。Hurry up,or/otherwise you will be late for class.快点
8、儿,否则你们上课就迟到了。二、状语从句(一)时间状语从句1when,while和as的用法连词连词含义及用法含义及用法例句例句when“当当时候时候”,可与延续性动词或,可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用;从句动作可以发生短暂性动词连用;从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生同时发生When you apply for a job,you must present your credentials.当你申请当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证书。工作时,你必须递交你的有关证书。while“当当时候时候”,一般只可与延续性,一般只可与延续性动词连用,
9、从句动作与主句动作同时动词连用,从句动作与主句动作同时发生发生Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal.客人们就客人们就要吃完的时候,玛丽去煮咖啡了。要吃完的时候,玛丽去煮咖啡了。as“一边一边一边一边”,常与延续性,常与延续性动词连用,从句动作与主句动作同时动词连用,从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生或几乎同时发生As he grew older,he became less active.随着他逐渐长大,他变得不随着他逐渐长大,他变得不那么活泼了。那么活泼了。名师指津:如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性
10、动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时,when,while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend.我正沿着大街走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。2before与since的用法(1)before表示“在之前;还未就;还没来得及就”。常用于以下句型:John thinks it wont be long before he is ready for his new job.约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。(2)since的用法since表示“自从”,其引导的从句
11、在句中作状语时,主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时;从句常用一般过去时。I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States.自从我定居美国后,我回过两次家。They have been living very happily since they got married.自从结婚后他们一直生活得很幸福。since引导的从句的谓语若是持续性动词,常理解为某一状态的终止;若是终止性动词,则理解为某一动作的开始。He has written to me frequently since he was ill.自从病好以来,他经常
12、给我来信。He has written to me frequently since he went abroad.他自出国以来,经常给我写信。since表示“自从以来”,常用于“It is/has been时间段since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)已经多长时间了”,一般从句的时态用一般过去时,主句中的时态用现在完成时。As is reported,it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded.据报道,清华大学已经建立了100多年了。3till,until和not.until.的用法(1)u
13、ntil或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”,此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词,主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用,但till不可以置于句首,而until可以。Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?这个会议将被推迟到下周二,你有没有听说?(2)not.until.表示“直到才”,主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。As far as I know,his mother wont go to bed until he returns home every evening.据我所知,他母亲每晚直到
14、他回家才会上床睡觉。4表示“一就,刚就”的常用表达(1)表示“一就”的表达as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instantThe moment I heard the voice,I knew Father was coming.我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。(2)表示“刚就”的表达no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when.的时态搭配:no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一
15、般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。(二)条件状语从句1条件状语从句的常见引导词if,unless(if.not),so/as long as(只要),on condition that(条件是),if only(if
16、),provided that(如果),in case(万一,如果),suppose/supposing that(假设,如果),assuming that等均可引导条件状语从句。We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or its very cold.除非下雨或天很冷,否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。My parents dont mind what job I do as long as I am happy.我的父母不在意我从事什么工作,只要我高兴就好。2条件状语从句的时态在条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时表
17、将来含义;现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况;一般过去时表过去将来的含义。If everyone does his part,the project will surely be a success.如果大家都尽责,这个项目肯定会成功。(三)让步状语从句1although,though,while引导的让步状语从句。Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important,its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.尽管有规律的锻炼很重要,但临睡前锻炼不是个好主意。2as,th
18、ough引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。Hot as/though the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.在长途跋涉之后,尽管夜晚的空气很热,我们还是因为累睡得很熟。(三)让步状语从句1although,though,while引导的让步状语从句。Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important,its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime
19、.尽管有规律的锻炼很重要,但临睡前锻炼不是个好主意。2as,though引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。Hot as/though the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.在长途跋涉之后,尽管夜晚的空气很热,我们还是因为累睡得很熟。3“疑问词-ever”引导的让步状语从句,意为“无论”。Wherever you choose to settle down,you should attempt to fit in with the local people.无论你选择在
20、哪里定居,你都应该尝试做到入乡随俗。4whether.or.引导的让步状语从句,意为“不论还是”,表示正反两种情况都不会影响主句的意向或结果。Well go on with the work,whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.不管我们能否找到所需的工具,我们都要把这项工作做下去。(四)地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位,通常由where,wherever引导,可置于句首、句中或句尾。I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where
21、I am sitting.因为我坐的地方噪音太大,所以听不清教授在说什么。名师指津:where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别:地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分,如果作状语,则是状语从句;如果作定语,则是定语从句。The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother.(状语从句,其中remain为不及物动词)The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and
22、wait for her mother.(定语从句)那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。(五)原因状语从句原因状语从句可由because,as,since,now that,in that,considering(that)等词引导。1because译作“因为”,表示直接原因,语气较强,能回答由why提出的问句。The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上,因为他想挨着妻子坐。2as译作“由于”,语气较轻,常表示显而易见的原
23、因;since(既然),now that(既然),in that(因为),表示双方都知道的原因,语气较弱。as,since和now that引导的从句多位于主句之前。Now that you have got a job,you should learn to be independent of your parents.既然你找到了一份工作,你应该学会独立不依靠父母。(六)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as,as if,as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。Th
24、e house was greatly damaged by the truck.Wed better leave things as they are until the police arrive.卡车对这座房子造成了严重的损坏。我们最好保持原样直到警察到来。The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was.建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。(七)结果状语从句1引导结果
25、状语从句的从属连词有:so.that.,such.that.。在非正式语体中,由so.that.,such.that.引导的句子中的that可以省略,注意其结构形式:somany/much/few/little(少)名词that从句(so形容词a/an可数名词单数that从句)such形容词可数名词复数/不可数名词that从句(sucha/an形容词可数名词单数that从句)He is such a learned person that we admire him very much.He is so learned a person that we admire him very much
26、.他如此有学问,以至于我们非常赞赏他。It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗,以至于我们都想去公园。He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.他挣这么少的钱,以至于养不起家。2当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时,还可简化为:so/such.as to.。He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult p
27、roblems.He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.他是一名如此聪明的学生,以至于他能够解决所有难题。(八)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有:so that,in order that,for fear that,in case(that),lest等。1in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句两个连词都意为“以便;为了”,它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。When he goes out,he often wears sunglasses s
28、o that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him.他出门的时候常戴着墨镜,以便没人能认出他。2for fear that,in case(that)和lest引导的目的状语从句引导目的状语从句时,for fear that表示“害怕,担心某事会发生”;in case(that)/lest表示“以防出现某种情况”。The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him.那个男孩藏在树后面,以防他父亲看到他。Take your ra
29、incoat in case/lest it should rain.带上雨衣以防下雨。考点并列连词考点并列连词He is a shy man,_ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.(解析解析句意为:他是一个害羞的人,但是他并不害怕任何事和任何句意为:他是一个害羞的人,但是他并不害怕任何事和任何人。由空格前后两个分句的句意可知,前后为转折关系,所以应用人。由空格前后两个分句的句意可知,前后为转折关系,所以应用but。并列句并列句考点归纳1.表示转折关系:常用的并列连词有表示转折关系:常用的并列连词有but,yet,nevertheless。He tr
30、ied hard but he was unsuccessful.他尽了力,但是没有成功。他尽了力,但是没有成功。The car was old,yet/nevertheless it was in excellent condition.车子虽然旧了但车况很好。车子虽然旧了但车况很好。2.表示因果关系:常用的并列连词有表示因果关系:常用的并列连词有for,so,therefore。It must be snowing,for its so bright outside.肯定下雪了。外面这么亮。肯定下雪了。外面这么亮。It was already rather late,so we decid
31、ed to go home.天已经很晚了,所以我们决定回家。天已经很晚了,所以我们决定回家。You are in the right,therefore we should support you.你是对的,所以我们应当支持你。你是对的,所以我们应当支持你。2.表示因果关系:常用的并列连词有表示因果关系:常用的并列连词有for,so,therefore。It must be snowing,for its so bright outside.肯定下雪了。外面这么亮。肯定下雪了。外面这么亮。It was already rather late,so we decided to go home.天
32、已经很晚了,所以我们决定回家。天已经很晚了,所以我们决定回家。You are in the right,therefore we should support you.你是对的,所以我们应当支持你。你是对的,所以我们应当支持你。3.表递进或顺承关系:常用的并列连词有表递进或顺承关系:常用的并列连词有and,not only.but also。This article is well-written and youd better read it.这篇文章写得很好,你最好看看。这篇文章写得很好,你最好看看。Not only is he himself interested in the comp
33、uter but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it.不仅他对电脑感兴趣,而且他的儿子也开始对电脑感兴趣。不仅他对电脑感兴趣,而且他的儿子也开始对电脑感兴趣。4.表示选择关系:常用的并列连词有表示选择关系:常用的并列连词有or,either.or。Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you.要么你好好干,要么我们就辞退你。要么你好好干,要么我们就辞退你。5.有时并列句中的分句通过破折号、分号等来表示并列关系。有时并列句中的分句通过破折号、分号等来表示并列关
34、系。Stand up;it is your turn to speak now.站起来,该轮到你了。站起来,该轮到你了。I dont goyou must go.我不去,你必须去。我不去,你必须去。考点考点1时间状语从句时间状语从句1._ the average age of the population increases,there are more and more old people to care for.(解析解析句意为:随着人口平均寿命的延长,越来越多的老人需要照顾。句意为:随着人口平均寿命的延长,越来越多的老人需要照顾。as在此处引导时间状语从句,表示在此处引导时间状语从句,
35、表示“随着随着”。状语从句状语从句2.If you miss this chance,it may be years _ you get another one.(解析解析句意为:如果你错过这次机会,可能得过好多年才能再有一次句意为:如果你错过这次机会,可能得过好多年才能再有一次机会。该句考查机会。该句考查“It will/may be一段时间一段时间before.”句式,表示句式,表示“得过多久才得过多久才”。3.We need to get to the root of the problem_ we can solve it.(解析解析句意为:我们在解决问题之前需要找到其根源。根据逻辑关
36、系句意为:我们在解决问题之前需要找到其根源。根据逻辑关系可知,可知,“找到问题的根源找到问题的根源”在在“解决问题解决问题”之前发生。之前发生。before在在之前,引导时间状语从句,符合题意。之前,引导时间状语从句,符合题意。考点归纳1.从句中用现在时代替将来时。从句中用现在时代替将来时。2.as soon as,the minute,the second,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,no sooner.than,hardly.when等引导的时间状语等引导的时间状语从句,意为从句,意为“一一就就”。3.在在no sooner.tha
37、n.,hardly/scarcely.when.结构中,结构中,no sooner与与hardly/scarcely引导的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而引导的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时。当引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时。当no sooner和和hardly/scarcely位于句首时,应用倒装语序。位于句首时,应用倒装语序。4.be doing sth.when.正在做某事突然正在做某事突然;have hardly/just/scarcely done sth.when.刚做完刚做完就就;be about to do sth.w
38、hen.正准正准备备突然突然。5.before 可表示可表示“还未还未就就;不到;不到就就;才才;还没;还没来得及来得及”。常见句式:。常见句式:It was时间段时间段before过去时,多久之后过去时,多久之后才才;It will be时间段时间段before一般现在时,多久之后才一般现在时,多久之后才;It wont be long before.过不了多久就过不了多久就。6.“since状语从句状语从句”表示表示“自从自从有多长时间有多长时间”。since从句的时态若是从句的时态若是一般过去时,主句中的时态则应该是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。常一般过去时,主句中的时态则应该是现在完成时
39、或现在完成进行时。常见句式:见句式:It is时间段时间段since过去时,意为过去时,意为“自从自从以来多久了以来多久了”。7.as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译为可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译为“一一边边,一边,一边”或或“随着随着”。8.until或或till表示表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”,此时主句谓语,此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词,主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用,但动词是延续性动词,主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用,但till不可以置于句首,而不可以置于句首,而until可以。可以。not.un
40、til.表示表示“某动作直到某时间某动作直到某时间点才开始点才开始”,主句谓语动词是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式。,主句谓语动词是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式。考点考点2让步状语从句让步状语从句1._ online shopping has changed our life,not all of its effects have been positive.(解析解析考查连词。句意为:尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活,但并考查连词。句意为:尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活,但并非它的所有影响都是积极正面的。非它的所有影响都是积极正面的。while引导让步状语从句,意为引导让步状语从句,意为“尽尽管
41、,虽然管,虽然”;since既然,自从;既然,自从;after在在之后;之后;unless除非。故选除非。故选C。2.My grandfather still plays tennis now and then,_ hes in his nineties.(解析解析句意为:尽管我的祖父已经九十多岁了,但他有时还打网球。句意为:尽管我的祖父已经九十多岁了,但他有时还打网球。由句意可知,本句的前后两部分之间为让步关系,故选由句意可知,本句的前后两部分之间为让步关系,故选C。3._scientists have learned a lot about the universe,there is mu
42、ch we still dont know.(解析解析句意为:尽管科学家们对宇宙已经了解甚多,但仍有许多我们句意为:尽管科学家们对宇宙已经了解甚多,但仍有许多我们还不知道的东西。还不知道的东西。once一旦;一旦;since自从自从以来;以来;though尽管;尽管;unless除非。除非。A、D两项常用来引导条件状语从句;两项常用来引导条件状语从句;B项常用来引导时间或原项常用来引导时间或原因状语从句;因状语从句;C项常用来引导让步状语从句,故选项常用来引导让步状语从句,故选C。4._ the job takes a significant amount of time,most stude
43、nts agree that the experience is worth it.(解析解析句意为:虽然这份工作要花大量的时间,但大多数学生都同意句意为:虽然这份工作要花大量的时间,但大多数学生都同意这次经历是值得的。句中的这次经历是值得的。句中的a significant amount of time与与worth it之间之间构成对比,故用构成对比,故用although引导让步状语从句。引导让步状语从句。1.although与与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或或nevertheless连用,但不能和连用,但不能和but连
44、用。连用。当当as或或though引导的让步状语引导的让步状语从句放在主句之前时,常用倒装语序,此时从句中的表语、状语或动词从句放在主句之前时,常用倒装语序,此时从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词,前置时要省略冠词。原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词,前置时要省略冠词。Although he is poor,hes still happy.虽然他很穷,他仍然很快乐。虽然他很穷,他仍然很快乐。Ill try it,though/although I may fail.即使我可能失败,我也要试一下。即使我可能失败,我也要试一下。Child as he was,he knew wha
45、t was the right thing to do.虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道该做什么。虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道该做什么。考点归纳2.while可引导让步状语从句,意为可引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然;尽管虽然;尽管”,引导的从句要放,引导的从句要放在主句前边。在主句前边。While he loves his students,he is very strict with them.虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对他们很严格。虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对他们很严格。3.疑问词疑问词-ever和和“no matter疑问词疑问词”。“no matter疑问词疑问词”只能只能引导让步状语从句,意为引导
46、让步状语从句,意为“无论无论,不管,不管”;疑问词;疑问词-ever不但不但可以引导让步状语从句可以引导让步状语从句(等于等于no matter疑问词疑问词),还可引导名词性从句,还可引导名词性从句(如宾语从句、主语从句等如宾语从句、主语从句等),意为,意为“任何任何”。考点考点3条件状语从句条件状语从句1.I believe you will have a wonderful time here _ you get to know everyone else.(解析解析句意为:一旦你认识了其他所有人,我相信你会在这儿有一句意为:一旦你认识了其他所有人,我相信你会在这儿有一段美好的时光。段美好
47、的时光。once一旦,符合句意。一旦,符合句意。2.You wont find paper cutting difficult _ you keep practicing it.(解析解析句意为:只要你坚持练习,你就不会觉得剪纸难了。句意为:只要你坚持练习,你就不会觉得剪纸难了。even though 即使;即使;as long as只要;只要;as if 仿佛,好像;仿佛,好像;ever since 自自以以来。结合句意可知选来。结合句意可知选B。3.You will never gain success _ you are fully devoted to your work.(解析解析句
48、意为:除非你全身心地投入到你的工作中,否则你就不会获句意为:除非你全身心地投入到你的工作中,否则你就不会获得成功。所填词引导条件状语从句,意为得成功。所填词引导条件状语从句,意为“除非,如果不除非,如果不”,故选,故选D项。项。考点纳引导条件状语从句的连词除了引导条件状语从句的连词除了if,unless等之外,下列连词也可引导条等之外,下列连词也可引导条件状语从句:件状语从句:once,as/so long as,on condition that,suppose/supposing,provided/providing,in case(如果、万一如果、万一)等。等。Suppose/Suppo
49、sing(that)I dont have a day off,what shall we do?假如我没有一天假,那该怎么办?假如我没有一天假,那该怎么办?You may borrow the book,on condition that you wont lend it to others.你可以借这本书,条件是你不能再借给别人。你可以借这本书,条件是你不能再借给别人。考点归纳考点考点4地点状语从句地点状语从句 1._ he once felt like giving up,he now has the determination to push further and keep on g
50、oing.(解析解析句意为:在他曾经想放弃的地方,他现在有决心前行并继续走句意为:在他曾经想放弃的地方,他现在有决心前行并继续走下去。下去。where在这里是连词,意思是在这里是连词,意思是“(在在)的地方的地方”。as当,因为;当,因为;in case以防;以防;now that既然。既然。考点考点4地点状语从句地点状语从句 1._ he once felt like giving up,he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.(解析解析句意为:在他曾经想放弃的地方,他现在有决心前行并继续走句意为:在他曾经