1、Learning objectivesHave a general view about the economic history of BritainKnow something about the agriculture in BritainGet some brief knowledge about the energy and manufacturing industryKnow something about the tertiary industries in BritainUnderstand the issues of labor and employment in Brita
2、inWith its advantageous geographical location,convenient sea and river transportation,Britain got large quantities of capital from overseas trade and colonies from the 18th century,which is the foundation of industrialization.Britain was the first country to industrialize in the world.Before the 18t
3、h century,most industries were done at home using very simple hand-operated machines.Now new techniques and water-powered machines resulted in organization of industries on a large scale.Industrial Revolution(1780 1830)The 1698 Savery Engine Spinning JennyIn 1765 the Scottish inventor James Watt pro
4、duced a very efficient steam engine that could be applied to textile and other machinery.Many other important inventions were also made during this period.In addition,improved transportation ran parallel with production.By the early 19th century,Britain had a road network of about 125,000 miles.Jame
5、s Watt and his steam engine Spinning mule built by Samuel CromptonA lathe from 1911 As a result of the industrial revolution,Britain was by 1830 the“Workshop of the World”,with no other country ready to compete with her in industrial production.English colonial expansion began with the colonization
6、of Newfoundland in 1583.In the early 18th century,settlements were made in North America.Encouraged by the large quantities of wealth brought by the Industrial Revolution,the discoveries of new frontiers by men like Captain Cook,and especially by the rising tide of emigration,the British colonialist
7、s stepped up their expansion in the late 18th century and early 19th century.Joseph Smallwood signing the document bringing Newfoundland into Confederation.James Cooks 1775 chart of Newfoundland In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast,unpopulated territories in Canada,Australia and New Zealan
8、d,and in the early and middle of 19th century,it colonized large areas in Asia such as India and China.By 1900,Britain had built up a big empire“on which the sun never set”,which included 25%of the worlds population and area.British Empire in coloredBritish colonies in north America At the beginning
9、 of the 20th century,France,Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world market.The First World War was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European power blocs:the“Central Powers”Germany and Austria-Hungary which were later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria,and the“Allies
10、”Britain,France and Russia,which were later joined by Japan,Italy and the USA.The war lasted for four years,ended by the Treaty of Versailles（凡尔赛）,imposed on Germany,formalizing the Allied victory.Participants in World War I:The Central Powers and their colonies in orange,the Allies and their coloni
11、es in green,and neutral countries in gray.The great losses of manpower and the disruption of economy during the first world war led Britain into serious social and financial problems.By 1931,Britain was entering the Great Depression which was to give rise to the Second World War.Chamberlain declared
12、 war on Germany on September 3,1939.Winston Churchill,the Prime Minister,led his country to final victory in 1945.Chamberlain Winston Churchill Appeasement policy绥靖政策,姑息主义Due to the two wars,Britain lost one-quarter of her national wealth and entered upon a period of economic and financial difficult
13、ies,and her colonies won their independence one after another,which led to the collapse of the British Empire.Animated map showing growth and decline of the British empire The UK Economy Events in history1.Dominant in 1880s producing 1/3 of the worlds manufactured goods;produced 1/2 of the worlds co
14、al,iron and cotton;greater shipping amount than the sum of the rest of the world2.Overtaken in 1900 by both the United States and Germany.3.Decline since 1945（1）It is relative decline Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945,but other countries developed more rapidly,so it slip f
15、rom being the 2nd largest economy soon after the year 1945 to being the 6th.（2）Reason：What caused the UK economy decline?What problems are there in the UK economy?:Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war,which mean that the UK entered the post-war era with a major economic pro
16、blem.As the era of empire was over,Britain lost its colonies which used to be raw material bases and big markets for British goods.MThe Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire India，gained its independence in 1947.Mthe rest of the empire(Australia,Canada,New Zealand,South Africa and so on)quickly f
17、ollowed India into independence.Mleaving Britain just a medium-size European country,with a population only 1/5 the size of the US.During the process of decolonization,Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors.As British industry survived c
18、omparatively unaffected in the German bombing during the war,British industry could continue with its older factories and pre-war products,and Britain lacked the investment in the modern equipment and products.All above,the UK economy decline is inevitable,being the result of already existing basic
19、problems.4.Privatization in the 1980s（1）Background：The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s,with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the currency.（2）Events：a change of government:1979,the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher,was in power.An extensive progr
20、amme of privatization was carried out:Many state-owned businesses(such as steel,telecom,gas,aerospace)were turned into private companies.（3）Influence：Question:Was this reform successful?Positive consequences:The inflation was under control.Companies were more efficient,being able to pay higher wages
21、 and make higher profits.Negative consequences:A rapid increase in unemploymentThe public services became worse.The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.The Current UK Economy Main Sectors primary industries agriculture,fishing and mining secondary indust
22、riesmanufacture complex goods tertiary/service industiesbanking,insurance,tourism,selling of goods(1)Agriculture:of the land is for agriculture.of that for crops the rest is grazing for animals.wheat 小麦 barley 大麦 oat 燕麦 sugar beet 甜菜根 potato 马铃薯 rapeseed 油菜籽 the best agricultural land in the southea
23、st of England.Scottish fishing boats moored in Fraserburgh.(2)Fishing:1970s，provides 55%of the UK demand for fish.Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught A North Sea Oil Rig(3)Mining:Energy production is an important part of the UK economy,accounting for 5%of the national wealth.1970s:wh
24、en oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea,making UK an overall exporter of energy since then.3 of the biggest 10 companies in UK are to be found in energy sector:Shell (half Dutch)British Petroleum(BP)British Gas Worlds largest mining company:RTZRio Tinto Zinc Corporation Ltd 里奥廷托锌有限公司Rio T
25、into Group力拓集团(1)manufacturing industry:remains important,producing less than 20%of national wealth.Pharmaceutical：Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world;Chemical：ICI(imperial chemical industries)is the 2nd largest paint manufacturer in the world;Aerospace：is the third size in the w
26、orld;Food and drink：Scotland Whiskey is a major export；High-technology engineering：has developed around the motor-racing business.A Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine on the wing of an Airbus A380.Logo of World-top Cars英国的莲花汽车是世界上著名的运动汽车生产厂家，与法拉利、保时捷一起并称为世界三大跑车制造商。公司的创始人科林.查普曼(Colin Chapman)本是一个汽车经销商，他从19
27、47年起改装赛车并参与车赛。在1955年查普曼正式在伦敦成立了莲花汽车公司，开始生产跑车和赛车。其车队从1963年到1978年七次夺得F-1车队年度大赛总冠军，这期间莲花跑车名声大振，成为遐迩闻名的名牌车。科林.查普曼于1982年去逝后，莲花汽车公司就徘徊不前，经济效益一直不稳定。终由于业绩不好被多次转手易主，先于1986年由美国通用公司买下，后又卖给意大利的布加堤集团，莲花车队也退出了F-1汽车大赛，1997年以来又一直属于马来西亚西康集团。劳斯莱斯(RollsRoyce)汽车公司是由亨利.罗易斯(F.Henry Royee)和贵族C.罗尔斯(C.Rolls)合作，在1904年创建的。德国大
28、众于1998年购买了英国的劳斯-莱斯轿车有限公司。该公司是以一个“贵族化”的汽车公司享誉全球的。劳斯莱斯汽车公司年产量只有几千辆。宾利，又译作本特利，他于1920年创建了自己的汽车公司，开始设计制造他多年来梦寐以求的运动车。1931年由RollsRoyce公司将本特利公司买下了。本特利轿车是为了满足富有的年轻人，追求高速驾驶、寻求刺激的需要。阿斯顿马丁（Aston Martin）原是英国豪华轿车、跑车生产厂。建于1913年，创始人是莱昂内尔马丁和罗伯特班福德。公司设在英国新港市，以生产敞篷旅行车、赛车和限量生产的跑车而闻名世界。参加车赛固然是发展轿车生产的重要手段，但耗资太大加上经营不善，19
29、87年被美国福特公司收购。捷豹汽车的历史源远流长，可以追溯到1922年威廉里昂斯爵士创造出第一辆摩托车跨斗之时。该公司于1989年被美国福特汽车公司兼并，成为福特汽车公司生产豪华轿车的重要基地。罗孚集团原是英国一家古老的汽车公司，罗孚(Rover)是北欧的一个民族，生产自行车时就使用罗孚作商标名。2008年3月26日，印度塔塔集团出资23亿美元，收购福特旗下的捷豹和路虎两大品牌，在国际车坛引起震动。(2)electronic industry:has a big electronic industry,but like the car industry,this is in many case
30、s foreign owned.Britains electronic industry is the 4th largest in the world.Silicon Glen:英国的“硅谷”，指的就是英国苏格兰高科技区，位于英国苏格兰中部地区，包括格拉斯哥、爱丁堡、史特灵、利维斯顿，邓迪等地理带。该地区集中分布了电报电话设备、电子计算机、电子元器件等电子工业。该地区生产的半导体产品占全国的7580及欧洲的21（1981），成为欧洲的电子工业中心之一。banking,insurance,tourism,advertising and the selling of goods(1)The fi
31、nancial sector is an important part:London is one of the top three financial centers in the world;London is the worlds biggest foreign exchange market 外汇交易市场.the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange 期货交易市场,the Lloyds of London insurance market all based in the City of London.T
32、he Bank of England;the central bank of the United Kingdom.It is one of the biggest financial centers with the greatest concentration of banks The London Stock Exchange,one of the busiest share-dealing centers in the world,opened in 1802.London Stock Exchangepound sterling 英镑 一英镑等于100新便士(New Pence)。硬币分为1便士，2便士，5便士，10便士，20便士，50便士，1镑，2镑，5镑。英国纸币分为5镑，10镑，20镑和50镑，5镑背面是英国19世纪慈善家伊丽莎白.弗雷的肖像，左侧是她参加慈善活动的图案；10镑背面是英国19世纪生物学家查尔斯达尔文肖像，左侧是1836年举行的一场板球赛；20镑背面是英国19世纪物理学家、化学家麦克尔法拉第肖像，左侧则是他在皇家学会演讲时的场景；新版英镑20镑背面是亚当斯密；50镑背面是英格兰银行第一任总裁约翰霍布伦肖像，左侧是银行的看门人，后面是他的住所。
