1、化合物的英文命名Nomenclature of compounds1 一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds)1 元素与单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。2S-block Element IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr FranciumIIA Be BerylliumMg Magn
2、esiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium3 P-block ElementVIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon
3、P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth 4Common Transition Elememt Fe:iron Mn:manganese Cu:copper Zn:zinc Hg:mercury Ag:silver Au:gold52化合物的命名化合物的命名 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra ,(5)p
4、enta-(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。6Naming metal ions(cations)for metal oxides,bases and salts1.Single valence ions Cations name=Elementfor example:Na+Sodium Al3+Aluminum K+Potassium Ca2+Calcium72.Multivalence ionsCations name=Element(N)For example:Fe2+Iron(II
5、)or Ferrous Fe3+Iron(III)or Ferric Cr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)8对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ousous表示低价,-icic表示高价。如 FeO:iron(II)oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O:copper(I)oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO:copper(II)oxide或cupr
6、ic oxide9Naming nonmetal ions(anions)1.Monatomic anions Anions name=Elements root-ide For example:Cl-Chloride O2-Oxide Br-Bromide OH-Hydroxide I-Iodide CN-Cyanide S2-Sulfide H-Hydride 102.Polyatomic oxyanions (1).Acid radicals for normal salt(正酸根-ate)Anions name=Central Elements root-ate for example
7、:ClO3-Chlorate IO3-Iodate PO43-Phosphate NO3-Nitrate SO42-Sulfate CO32-Carbonate 11(2).Acid radicals for meta-salts(亚酸根-ite)Anions name=Central elements root-ite for example:ClO2-Chlorite IO2-Iodite PO33-Phosphite NO2-Nitrite SO32-Sulfite 12(3).Acid radicals for hypo-salts(次酸根-ite)Anions name=Hypo-C
8、entral elements root-ite for example:ClO-Hypochlorite IO-Hypoiodite PO23-Hypophosphite 13(4).Acid radicals for persalts(高酸根Per-ate)Anions name=Per-central Elements root-atefor example:ClO4-Perchlorate IO4-Periodate MnO4-Permanganate 14Naming compounds1.Metal oxide Metal oxide=Cation+oxidefor example
9、:FeO Iron(II)oxide (Ferrous oxide)Fe2O3 Iron(III)oxide (Ferric oxide)Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide152.Nonmetal oxideNonmetal oxide=n-Nonmetal element+n-oxide for example:CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Di
10、phosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO:nitric oxide N2O:nitrous oxide 16非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。(1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例:HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide
11、HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride (2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine 举例:PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsane SbH3:stibine或stibane BiH3:bismuthane CH4:methane SiH4:silane B2H6:diborane17 无氧酸 命名规则:hydro-词根-icacid 举例:HCl:hydrochloric
12、acid H2S:hydrosulfuric acid183.Bases Base=Metal cation+hydroxidefor example:Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II)hydroxide 194.盐盐(Salts)(1).正盐正盐(Normal salt):根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normal salt=Cation+anion for example:
13、HgSO4 Mercury(II)sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I)sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II)sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate20(2)酸式盐酸式盐:(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidic salt=Cation+hydrogen+anion for example:NaHSO4 Sodium hydroge
14、n sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate 21(3).Basic saltsBasic salt=Cation+hydroxy-anionfor example:Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg
15、(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate22(4).复盐复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。Mixed salt=Cation+cation+anionfor example:NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfateK N a C O3:p o t a s s u i m s o d i u m c a r b o n a t eNaNH
16、4HPO4:sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate 235)5)水合盐水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate如 AlCl36H2O:aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O:aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water245.Acids(1).Per-,hydro-,normal acid(its salt-ate,-ide)Acid=Central elements root-ic+acidfor example:H2CO3 C
17、arbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid25(2).Meta-and hypo-acid(its salt-ite)Acid=Central elements root-ous+acidfor example:H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous
18、acid 26含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根-ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta-偏 thio-硫代举例:HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4-perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3-chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2-chlorite
19、ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO-hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32-thiosulfate ion27H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acidHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidHCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyan
20、ic acid Na2S sodium sulfideCuSO4 copper(II)sulfate or cupric sulfateFe(NO3)3 iron(III)nitrate or ferric nitrateHClO4 perchloric acid28二 有机物的命名1 烷烃(alkanes)1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外,其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾(-ane)来命名,10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如:甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propa
21、ne 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane 29 Alkane=Number prefix-anefor example:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nona
22、ne CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane 30 1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基(alkyl groups)的原子取代。命名烷基时,只需把“基”(-yl)字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。如:CH3-Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2-Undecyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3-Methylpentane 31Univalent radicals Radical=Alk-ylfor example:CH3-Methyl CH3CH2-Ethyl CH3CH2CH2-Propyl CH
23、3(CH2)2CH2-Butyl32Univalent branched radicalsRadical=Alk-ylfor example:CCCCCCCCC2-Methylpropyl3-Methylbutyl1234CCCCsec-Butyl CCCCCtert-Butyl33Polyside chain hydrocarbonButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylfor example:CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC12345674-Ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane12345674-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-propy
24、l-heptane34 对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”(iso-)、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”(tert-)、“新”(neo-)等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基,其系统命名和普通命名如下:(CH3)2CH-CH-2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl (CH3)3C-1,1-Dimethylethyl tert-Butyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2-1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-pentyl (CH3)3C-CH2-2,2-Dimethylpropyl Neopenty
25、l1.3 一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃:(CH3)2CH-CH3 Isobutane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 Isopentane (CH3)4C Neopentane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 Isohexane352 烯烃和炔烃(alkenes and alkynes)2.1 命名 烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”(ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne),名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时,可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如:CH2=CH2 Ethene CH2=CHC
26、H2CH2CH3 1-Pentene Ethyne AcetyleneHCCH362.3 不饱和烃基的命名 不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基,但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如:CH3-CH=CH-1-Propenyl CH2=CH-CH=CH-1,3-Butadienyl CH2=CH-Vinyl Ethynyl CH2=CH-CH2-Allyl CH2=C(CH3)-Isopropenyl 2-Propynyl 2-Penten-4-ynyl CHCCHCCH2CHCCHCHCH2Alkene radical=Alken-ylAlkyne radical=Alkyn
27、-yl373 环烃(cyclic hydrocarbons)3.1 脂肪环烃(alicyclic hydrocarbons)3.1.1 未取代的饱和单环烃命名时刻在相应的开链烃名前加“环”(cyclo)字。例如:Cyclopropane Cyclohexanecyclobutanecyclopentane38Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons Cyclic alkane=Cyclo-alkanefor example:CyclopropaneCyclopentaneCyclohexane39CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
28、3.2 芳烃(aromatic hydrocarbons)3.2.1 单环芳烃 1)苯环上连有烃基时,苯环和烃基都可作为母体,决定于烃基的大小。两个或更多的苯环连在同一个碳原子上或碳链上时,可将苯环作为取代基命名。例如:Pentylbenzene 1-Phenylheptane40CHCH3CH3CHCHCH3CH3CH3CH=CH2CH2=CHCH3CH3CH31,4-Divinylbenzene1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 3-Isopropyl-1-Methylbenzenem-Diethylbenzene41CCH2CH3CCHCH3CH3 2)苯环上连有不饱和取代基时
29、,将苯环作为链的衍生物命名,但当不饱和链不超过三个碳原子时,通常都作为苯的衍生物命名。例如:2-Phenyl-2-butene Isopropenylbenzene 42 3)两个烷基取代的苯环,因为取代位置不同,可以有三个异构体,可由阿拉伯数字表示,也可用邻、间、对表示,英文名称则分别用o、m、p表示。例如:O-Dimethylbenzene 此表示方法只用于两个取代基相同或两取代基不同但其中有一个为俗名的一部分。例如:p-tert-Butyltoluene CH3CH3C(CH3)3CH343 4)苯环上联有三个取代基时,由于它们的位置不同而常用数字定位号区别,取代基若是相同,可用“连”(
30、vic)、“偏”(unsym)、“均”(sym)来表示。例如:1,3,5-Triethylbenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 或 sym-Triethylbenzene 或 vic-TrimethylbenzeneCH2CH3H3CH2CCH2CH3H3CCH3CH344CHCH2CH3H3CCH3CH(CH3)2CH3CH(CH3)2CH33.2.2 常用取代苯化合物的俗名(Trivial name)Toluene p-Xylene Cymene Mesitylene StyreneCumene45 3.2.3 芳烃基 1)从芳环上去掉一个氢原子得到的基团称为芳基(
31、Aryl),去掉两个氢原子的称为亚芳基(Arylene)。环上有取代基时,以苯基作为母体,以带自由键的碳原子为1进行编号,其它取代基的编号要尽可能小。例如:2-Methylphenyl 1,3-phenylene 2-Methyl-1,4,5-benzenetriylCH3CH346 2)单环芳烃侧链上去掉氢原子,生成的一价及多价基作为芳烃基取代的链烃基,按链烃基的原则命名。例如:3-Phenyl-2-propenyl Phenylmethylene PhenylmethylidyneCHCHCH2CHC47CH3CH3CH3CH3CH2PhCH CHPh CH2CH2Ph CH CH CH2
32、TolylMesitylBenzylPhenylCinnamylPhenethylStyryl486 醇和酚 6.1 醇(alcohols)1)系统命名法 选含羟基的最长碳链为主链,按主链烃基的碳原子数目称为某醇,英文名称是将烃基名城的词尾“e”去掉,加上“ol”。编号时从与羟基相连的碳原子开始依次向另一端编。芳醇可作为侧链醇的芳环取代物命名,此方法是主要方法。49Alcohols System:Alcohol=Alkan-ol for example:CH3OHCH3CHCH3OHCH2CH2CHCH2CH2OHOHOHCH2CH2CH2CH2OHOHOHMethanol2-Propanol
33、1,4-ButanediolBicyclo3,2,0heptan-2-ol1,3,5-Pentanetriol50CH2CHCH2OHCH3CH2CHCCCCH2CH2CH3OHCH3OHCH3CHCH2CHOHCH3CH2CH3CHCH3OH 2-Propanol 4-Methyl-4-penten-2-ol Bicyclo3.2.0heptan-3-ol4-Methyl-7-octen-5-yn-4-ol 3-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-methyl-1-propanol 51CH2CHCH2OHCH3CCH3CH3CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CHCH
34、3OH2)根基官能团命名法 在烃基后直接加“alcohol”即可,例如:Isopropyl alcohol Amyl alcohol Allyl alcohol Neopentyl alcohol52Alcohol=Radical+alcohol Cinnamyl alcoholalcoholIsopropylMethyl alcoholEthyl alcoholCH CH CH2OHCH3CH2OHCH3CHCH3OHCH3OH苯丙烯基53CH2OHCH2OHCH3CH2CHCH3OH 3)衍生命名法 以甲醇作为母体,把整个分子看成是由甲醇衍生来的。例如:Ethyl methyl metha
35、nol 4)连接命名法 适用于羟基连在与环系相连的侧链上的醇。例如:3-Cyclohexene-1,1-dimethanol54Alcohol Radicals(1).RO-(R=C1C4)Radical=Alk+oxyfor example:CH3O-Methoxy CH3CH2O-Ethoxy CH3CH2CH2CH2O-Butoxy CH3CH2CH2O-Propoxy 55OHOHCCH2CH3HOOCOOHOH6.2 酚类(phenols)酚的命名法同醇,英文名称是把芳环系名的词尾“e”去掉,在接上词尾“ol”。分子中有更优先的官能团时,羟基作为取代基。例如:Phenol 2-Nap
36、hthalenol3-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone566.4 硫醇和硫酚 其命名和相应的醇和酚一样,在醇和酚前加一“硫”(thio)字,英文名称是将“ol”改为“thiol”。作为取代基时,为“巯基”(Mercapto)。例如:Ethanethiol Benzenethiol 2-MercaptoethanolCH3CH2SHSHHSCH2CH2OH577 醚类(ethers)7.1 醚的命名 1)根基官能团命名法 分子中两个烃基后加上“醚”(ether)即可,两个烃基相同时加“di”,若为两个复合基
37、且相同,则加数词“bis”。例如:Dipropyl ether Di-2-naphthyl ether Bis(4-Chlorophenyl)etherCH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3OCloCl58EtherEther=R+R+etherfor example:CH3OCH2CH3 Ethyl methyl ether (CH3)2CHOCH3 Isopropyl methyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether 59 2)取代命名法 把醚分子R1-O-R2中R1O作为母体R2的取代基命名,RO基为“Alcoxy”,其中C1C4的分别为methoxy,e
38、thoxy,propoxy,butoxy,C5以上的则称为pentyloxy,hexyloxy等。例如:1-Isopropoxypropane sec-Butoxyethylene 1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene 1,2-DiphenoxyethaneCH3CHH3COCH2CH2CH3CH3CH2CH OCHCH2CH3OCH3OCH3H3COOCH2CH2O607.2 环氧化合物 环氧化合物用词头“环氧”(epoxy)命名。英文名中,“epoxy”可放在母体名前,不按字序排列。例如:1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 2-Methyl-1,3-epoxype
39、ntane或2,3-Epoxychloropropane 或 1,3-Epoxy-2-methylpentaneCH2CHCH2ClOCH2CHCHCH2CH3OCH3618 醛、酮及其衍生物8.1 醛(aldehydes)8.1.1 醛的命名 1)醛的英文命名是把相应烃名的词尾“e”改为“al”。编号时将醛基的碳原子定为1号,依次向后排,含两个醛基的以两醛基间的碳链为主链,在烃名词尾“e”后加“dial”,环上直接连有二个醛基时,可在环系名后接“dicarbaldehyde”。62AldehydesAcyclic aldehydesAldehyde=Alkan-alfor example:P
40、entanalCH3CH2CH2CH2CHOCH3CHCH2CH2CH2CHOCH35-MethylhexanalO HCCH2CH2CH2CH2CHOHexanedial63例如:Ethanal Benzenecarbaldehyde2,6-Naphthalenedicarbaldehyde 3-Vinyl-2-hepten-6-ynal CH3CHOCHOCHOOHCCHCCH2CH2CCHCHOCH CH648.1.2 几种醛的俗名 Formaldehyde Acrylaldehyde Crotonaldehyde 丙烯醛 巴豆醛 or 2-丁烯醛 Cinnamaldehyde Anis
41、aldehyde FurfuraldehydeHCHOCH2CHCHOCH3CH CHCHOCHOH3COCHCHCHOOCHO糠醛茴香醛,对甲氧基苯甲醛肉桂醛65AcetaldehydeFormaldehydeCH3CHOHCHOCinnamaldehydeCH CH CHOBenzaldehydeCHOFuraldehydeOCHO糠醛668.2 酮(ketones)8.2.1酮的命名 1)酮的普通命名法是当R1COR2式中R1和R2相同时,在R1的烃名前加“二”(di),后面放一“酮”(ketone)字;R1和R2不同时,将两者作为取代基按字母顺序排列,后面再加上“酮”(ketone)字
42、,系统命名中,是将羰基中的碳原子作为链或者环系中的一员,将相应的烃名或环系后的词尾“e”改为“one”。编号时使羰基上的碳原子编号尽可能小。67(1).System nameKetone=Alkan-onefor example:5-Ethyl-6-heptene-2,4-dioneCH2CH CH C CH2C CH3OOCH3CH22,4-Hexanedione4-Penten-2-one2-ButanoneCH3CH2C CH2C CH3OOCH2CH CH2COCH3CH3CH2CCH3O68根基命名法Ketone=R+R+ketonefor example:CH3CH2CCH2CH3
43、OCH3CCH2CH3OCOCH2CH3Ethyl methyl ketoneDiethyl ketonePhenyl ethyl ketone699 羧酸及其衍生物 9.1 羧酸 1)链状一元羧酸是在主链烃名后加一“酸”字,英文名称是将烃名后的“e”改为“-oic acid”,选择主链时,应为1)包括羧基的最长链,2)有不饱和键时选择含羧基和不饱和键的最长链。例如:HCOOHMethanoic acid 4-Pentyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid 4-Vinyl-5-heptynoic acidCH2CCHCHCOOHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CH3C CCHCH2CH
44、2COOHCHCH270The carboxylic acid(1).-(C)OOH (The main chain involves carboxylic carbon)Carboxylic acid=Alkan-oic acidfor example:CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOHHexanoic acidCH3CH=CHCH2COOH3-Pentenoic acidCH3CH=CCH=CHCOOHCH2CH34-Ethyl-2,4-hexadienoic acidHO2CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CO2H Heptanedioic acid71 2)连接命名法 主要用于脂环、
45、桥环、杂环和联环听的羧酸,编号时不含羧基碳原子,命名时在烃名后接“羧酸”(carboxylic acid)。例如:4-Methylbenzenecarboxylic acid Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 3-(2-Phenylethyl)-1-cyclobutanecarboxylic acidCOOHH3CCOOHCH2CH2COOH729.6 盐和酯9.6.1盐 1)羧酸盐命名时在酸名后加上金属名即可,英文名称是把酸名的词尾“-ic acid”改为“-ate”,前面加上金属名。例如:Lithium propanoate Disodium butanedioate
46、2)二元酸只有一个羧基成盐,命名时在酸和金属名之间加“氢”(hydrogen)字,多元酸的命名与酸相同,例如:Amminium hydrogen hexanedioateCH3CH2COOLiCH2COONaCH2COONaHOOC(CH2)4COONH473Carboxylic saltsCarboxylic salt=Metal+Alkan-oate or Metal+Alkane-carboxylatefor example:CH3COOKCH3CH=CHCOONaCOOKNaOOCCOOKPotassium acetateSodium 2-butenoatePotassium cycl
47、ohexanecarboxylatePotassium sodium oxalate749.6.2 酯 1)酯的命名和盐类似,把盐中的金属名改为酯基中的烃名即可,多元酸酯基不同时,名称按字序排列。例如:Methyl butyrate或Methyl butanoate 2-Chloroethyl chloroacetate Ethyl methyl malonate (丙二酸)CH3CH2CH2COOCH3H3COOCCH2COOC2H5ClCH2COOCH2CH2Cl75EstersEster=Alkyl+carboxylate(alkanoate)for example:CH3COCH2CH
48、3OCOOCH3CH2COOCH2CH3COOCH2CH3CH2=CHCOOCHCH3CH3Ethyl acetateMethyl 1,3-cyclopentadienecarboxylateDiethyl malonateIsopropyl 2-propenoate(acrylate)769.7 酸酐1)酸酐的英文名为“anhydride”,单酐命名时可在原酸名后加“酐”(anhydride)字,例如:Propionic anhydride Bis(2,4-dibromobenzoic)anhydride2)混酐英文命名时将酸名按字顺排列,后再加“酐”字。例如:Benzoic propion
49、ic anhydride Acetic chloroacetic anhydride(CH3CH2CO)2O(2,4-Br2C6H3CO)2OC6H5COOCOC2H5ClCH2COOCOC2H577AnhydridesAnhydride=Carboxylic+anhydridefor example:(CH3CO)2OCCOOOCHCHCCOOO(CH2=CHCO)2OPropenoic anhydrideAcetic anhydridePhthalic anhydrideMaleic anhydride7810 含氮化合物 10.1 硝基和亚硝基化合物 硝基(nitro)和亚硝基(nitr
50、oso)在命名中,只能作为词头用,只能采用取代命名法。例如:Cl3CNO2TrichloronitromethaneNOCOOH2-Nitrosobenzoic acidBrCH3NO21-Bromo-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene7910.2 胺类和亚胺类化合物1)伯胺(Primary amine)一元伯胺通常是在烃基名后加上amine,二元或多元伯胺命名时将“二胺”(diamine)、“三胺”(triamine)等连在母体化合物或多价基的名称后。例如:NH2CyclohexylamineNH2NH21,3-Naphthalenediamine802)仲胺和叔胺 氮原子上连有