1、第二部分第二部分 语法专题语法专题专题十一专题十一 非谓语动词非谓语动词精讲必备考点精讲必备考点考点一考点一 动词不定式作主语动词不定式作主语考点二考点二 动词不定式作宾语动词不定式作宾语考点三考点三 动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式作宾语补足语考点四考点四 动词不定式的特殊句型动词不定式的特殊句型考点五考点五 动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语考点六考点六 疑问词疑问词 +动词不定式动词不定式考点八考点八 现在分词与过去分词现在分词与过去分词考点七考点七 动名词与动词不定式动名词与动词不定式精讲必备考点(时态)精讲必备考点(时态)我们把在句子当中起名词、形容词或副词作用,充当谓语之外的其他句子
2、成分的动词称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词有三种形式:动词不定式、分词(现在分词和过去分词)和动名词。考点一 动词不定式作主语动词不定式是一种非限定动词,而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词。动词不定式分为带to的不定式(to+动词原形)和不带to的不定式。动词不定式不能单独用作谓语动词,不受主语的人称和数的限制,但保留动词的性质。1.动词不定式作主语时,其谓语动词常用单数。To say something is one thing;to do it is another.说是一回事,做是另一回事。2.动词不定式在句子中作主语时通常放在句末,而用it作形式主语,其结构为:It+be+ad
3、j.(+for/of sb.)+动词不定式。Its so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。It is not difficult to work out the problem.做出这道题并不难。【典例精析】It takes me half an hour _ the piano every day.A.playB.playingC.to play答案:C。解析:it 是形式主语,动词不定式是真正的主语。It takes sb.some time to do sth.,做某事花费某人多长时间。考点二 动词不定式作宾语1.一些动词后可跟动词不定式作宾语。这类动
4、词主要有:want,wish,like,decide,help,try,begin,forget,learn,ask,agree,hope,promise等。2.find,think,make,believe等动词后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it作形式宾语而把真正的宾语动词不定式短语放在句末。【典例精析】1.The children decide _ their school yard this Friday afternoon.A.cleanB.to cleanC.cleaning D.cleaned解析:decide后接动词不定式作宾语,意为“决定做某事”。答案:B。2.At times,pa
5、rents find it difficult _ with their teenage children.A.talkB.talkedC.talkingD.to talk解析:find+it+adj.(+for sb.)+to do sth.发现做某事是的,it作形式宾语,动词不定式是真正的宾语。答案:D。考点三 动词不定式作宾语补足语分类功能例句接 带 t o的 不 定式ask,tell,get,wish,like,want,teach,would like等动词之后常接带to的不定式作宾补。这类动词用于被动语态时,仍要用带to的动词不定式作主语补足语。He was asked to ma
6、ke an apology for his rudeness.他被要求为自己的粗鲁道歉。分类功能例句接不带to的不定式make,let,have,hear,see,listen to,feel,watch等动词之后,必须接不带to的不定式作宾补。但当这些动词用于被动语态时,作主语补足语的动词不定式的to要还原。I heard him sing in the classroom.=He was heard to sing in the classroom(by me).我听见他在教室里唱歌。既可以接带to的不定式,也可以接不带to的不定式help之后,既可以接带to的不定式,也可以接不带to的不
7、定式作宾补。Will you help me(t o)w a s h t h e clothes?你能帮助我洗衣服吗?【典例精析】Our teacher often asks us _ questions in groups.discussB.to discussC.discussingD.discussed解析:ask sb.to do.sth.要求某人做某事,动词不定式作宾语。答案:B。考点四 动词不定式的特殊句型1.too.to.太而不能The boy is too young to look after himself.那个男孩太小还不能照顾自己。2.enough to.足够He is
8、 old enough to go to school.他到了上学的年龄了。3.Why dont you+不带to的不定式?=Why not+不带to的不定式?Why dont you get her a photo album?=Why not get her a photo album?为什么不给她买个相册呢?4.had better+(not)+不带to的不定式最好(不)Youd better not stay there today.你今天最好别待在那儿。5.Will you please+不带to的不定式?你能吗?Will you please close the door?你能把门
9、关上吗?6.prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.宁愿做某事而不愿做某事She prefers to receive a small gift that has some thought behind it rather than receive a lot of money.她宁愿收到一份有意义的小礼物也不愿收到一大笔钱。【典例精析】Shes not strong enough _ walking up mountains.A.to goB.goingC.goD.went解析:“形容词或副词+enough to+动词原形”为固定结构,其意为“足够可以”。答案
10、:A。考点五 动词不定式作状语1.表目的。在强调这种目的状语时,不定式前可加in order或so as,动词不定式也可放在句首,使其所表示的目的更加明显突出。2.表结果。通常有以下结构too.to.(太而不能);.enough+不定式;be+形容词+不定式;so.as to.(如此以致于)。3.表原因。【典例精析】1.Vocabulary is important to language learning.Therefore,youd better try different ways you can think of _ words and expressions.A.rememberB.
11、to rememberC.remembering解析:you can think of为定语,修饰前面的先行词ways。动词不定式在这里作目的状语。答案:B。2.He hurried back home _ his schoolbag.fetchedB.to fetchC.fetchingD.fetches解析:动词不定式在这里作目的状语。句意为:他匆忙回家去取书包。答案:B。考点六 疑问词+动词不定式疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等词后可加动词不定式,构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语,可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。【典例精析】Excuse me.C
12、ould you please tell me _ my car?Sure.Park it right here.Ill help you.how to stopB.where to parkC.where to stopD.when to park解析:“疑问副词+不定式”在句中作宾语。park指“停放车辆”,stop指“停止、阻止某物、人”,句意为:打扰一下,你能告诉我应该把车停在哪里吗?答案:B。考点七 动名词与动词不定式.只能接动名词的动词只能接动名词的动词动名词具有名词的功能,在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语。常见的可以跟动名词作宾语的动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,sugg
13、est,keep,give up等。He hasnt finished reading the novel.他还没有看完那部小说。We must practise speaking English every day.我们必须每天练习说英语。.既可接动词不定式又可接动名词的动词既可接动词不定式又可接动名词的动词love,like,hate,prefer,begin,start,need,remember,forget,try,stop等动词后,既可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用动词不定式作宾语,但意义不同。I remembered to post the letter.我记得要发信。(信还没发)I
14、 remembered posting the letter.我记得发过信了。(信已经发了)He stopped singing.他停止唱歌。(不再唱)He stopped to sing.他停下来并开始唱歌。(停下正在做的事,开始唱).感官动词后接动词不定式或动名词感官动词后接动词不定式或动名词感官动词后既可接不带to的不定式,也可接动名词;接不定式时指“(看到、听到、见到)全过程”,接动名词时指“瞬间动作”。I always hear the girl sing in the next room.我总是听到那个女孩在隔壁房间唱歌。I heard the girl singing in th
15、e next room.我听到那个女孩正在隔壁房间里唱歌。【典例精析】Dont forget _ the classroom tomorrow afternoon.Thanks.I wont.to keep cleanB.cleaningC.sweepingD.to clean up解析:forget后面跟动词不定式时,意为“忘记要做某事”,表示还没有做某事,forget后面跟动名词时,意为“忘记做过某事”,表示已经做了某事。根据时间状语tomorrow afternoon可知,事情还没有做,所以用不定式,排除B与C,keep clean意为“保持干净”,clean up意为“打扫”。答案:D。考点八 现在分词与过去分词分类分类构成构成意义意义现在分词 动词原形加-ing表示正在进行或主动,所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者。过去分词 动词原形加-ed表示已经完成或被动,所修饰的人或物是分词动作的承受者。developing country 发展中国家(正在发展的)developed country 发达国家(已经发展了的)