1、2021-2022学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册Unit 1 ARTReading and Thinking课文原文A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTNGWhat is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to
2、 understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century) 中世纪(5 世纪到 15 世纪)During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting rea
3、listic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they show
4、ed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painte
5、rs concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Raphael (1483-15
6、20) built upon Giotto and Masaccios innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, thi
7、s technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures
8、 of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.Impressionism( late 19th to early 20th century) The development of Western art slowed
9、 until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came fr
10、om the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monets aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene-the subjective impression the scene gave him-but not a detailed record of the scene itself.While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily li
11、fe, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoirs paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.Modern A
12、rt (from the 20th century to today)After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, “What do we do next?” Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like qua
13、lity. Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “What is art?”课文译文西方绘画简史什么是西方艺术？很难对此给出一个准确的定义。由于西方艺术的风格迥异，在一篇短文中全部描述出来是不可能的。也许了解西方艺术的最佳方式是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展历程。中世纪（5至15世纪）在中世纪，西方艺术旨在向人们宣扬基督教。因此，艺术家们对描绘现实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且
14、二维化，主体人物通常比其他人（所占版面）大得多，以彰显其重要性。13 世纪，乔托迪邦多纳（1267-1337）开始改变这种现象。虽然他的画作中仍然有宗教主题，但它们展示了真实环境中的真实人物。他的绘画作品尤其以其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而有别于其他绘画作品。文艺复兴时期（14至17世纪）新思相和新价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的旧思想和旧价值观。因此，画家们更少关注宗教主题。他们开始对生命采取更具人文主义的态度。这一时期的一项重要突破就是马萨乔（1401-1428）对于透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多达芬奇（1452-1519）、米开朗基罗（1475-1564）和拉斐尔（1483
15、-1520），在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。（该时期的）另一创新是油画颜料的使用。一些最出色的油画作品色彩深邃，栩栩如生，看起来宛如照片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗（16061669）使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。在（绘画的）主题上，重心越来越多地从宗教主题转移到我们周围的人和世界。国王、贵族和地位很高的人都想买自己和他们所爱之人的精确画像。其他人则想要描绘重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户想要买看上去集美丽与趣味于一体的画作。印象主义（19世纪末至20世纪初）西方艺术的发展（步伐）开始放缓，
16、直到19世纪中叶照相术的发明。在那之后，不再需要用画作来保存人和世界的面貌因此，画家们必须寻找新的方式来审视他们的艺术。由此，印象主义在法国出现。这一流派得名于克劳德莫奈（1840-1926）的画作印象日出。在这幅作品里，莫奈试图传达场景中的光线和动态变化这个场景给他的主观印象而非对场景本身的详细记录。许多印象派画家描绘自然或日常生活场景，其他画家，如雷诺阿（1841-1919）则关注人。与那个时期冷色调的黑白照片不同，雷诺阿的画作充满了光影和色彩，极具生命力他试图在展示创作对象的外在形象之余，也呈现他们内心的温暖和人性。现代艺术（20世纪至今）继印象主义之后，后来的画家们开始发问：“我们接下
17、来做什么呢？”毕加索（1881-1973）等画家尝试用一种新方式立体主义分析自然界中存在的形状。另一些画家给他们的画作赋予了逼真却又梦幻的特质。还有些画家转向了抽象艺术。他们不再试图反映现实，而是发问：“什么是艺术？”Using Language课文原文ANCIENT CHINNESEARTON SHOWThe Richfield Museum of Fine Art is proud to present our new exhibition, “From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages.” Join us as we explore
18、more than 3,000 years of wonderful art from the Middle Kingdom. From bronze bowls to ceramic vases, and jade sculptures to ink wash paintings, our goal is to display the Chinese artistic genius from ancient times.The highlight of this exhibition is the painting Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass
19、, one of the great works of Tang Yin (1470-1524). Born during the Ming Dynasty, Tang sought and failed to gain entry into the civil service, so he turned to painting instead. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known. This painting, showing high mountains, tr
20、ees, and houses covered in snow, was made with extraordinary skill. Though it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.Also of primary note is a collection of nearly 100 bronze objects from the Shang Dynasty (1600 BCE - 1046 BCE). While the artists who made
21、 these great works are not known, they showed great skill in creating these beautiful pieces. Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze.Finally, we have many fine examples of Tang Dynasty (618-90
22、7) sculptures. Most of these are of Buddhist origin. Even though Buddhism entered China much earlier, it did not really begin to show expansion until the seventh century. During this same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed. Chinese sculpture thus found itself highly influenced by Buddhist
23、 art brought from India and Central Asia through the Silk Road. These works were intended to spread Buddhism and they are of exceptional beauty and quality. Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures, one sees the faces of the past. History is brought to life.This is just a small taste
24、of what is in store for you in this exhibition. We guarantee that “From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages” will transport you to another time with its amazing collection of works.“From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages” will run until November 25.Opening hours are from 9: 00 a.m.
25、 to 5:00 p.m, from Tuesday to Sunday ( the museum is closed on Mondays). No one will be admitted into the exhibition after 4:30 p.m.Admission: $10 for adults; $8 for students; $5 for children under 12; free for children under 5.No photos or food and drink are allowed in the museum.课文译文中国古代艺术展里奇菲尔德美术
26、博物馆很荣幸地为您呈现我们的新展“从商朝到清朝：中国艺术之旅”。欢迎与我们共同探索中国3,000多年的精妙艺术。从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶，从玉雕到水墨画，我们旨在展示中国古代的艺术才能。本次展览的亮点是画作函关雪霁图，唐寅（1470-1524）的杰作之一。唐寅生于明朝，曾谋求入仕为官，但未能如愿，因此他转而投身绘画事业。最终，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的画家之一。他运用非凡的技巧，在这幅画中展示了白雪覆盖的高山、树木和房屋。虽然该画有500多年的历史，但看起来清新且充满生机，就像刚被创作出来一样。同样十分重要的（看点）是一组近百件商代（公元前1600-公元前1046）青铜器藏品。虽然创造这些伟大作
27、品的艺术家不为人知，但他们在创作这些美丽的作品的过程中展现出了高超的技巧。一些展品被认为是钟爱商代青铜器的乾隆皇帝（1711-1799）的藏品。最后，我们会展出许多鬼斧神工的唐朝（618-907）雕塑。它们大多源于佛教。佛教虽然很早就传入中国，但直到7世纪才真正开始传播开来。与此同时，丝绸之路沿线贸易也在蓬勃发展。由此，中国雕塑深受经丝绸之路从印度和中亚传入的佛教艺术的影响。这些作品旨在传播佛教，具有非凡的美感和质感。看着这些雕塑人物的脸庞，人们仿佛看到了过去的人。历史被赋予新生。这只是该展览供您参观的一小部分。我们保证“从商朝到清朝：中国艺术之旅”将通过其令人惊叹的藏品带您穿越时空。“从商朝
28、到清朝：中国艺术之旅”展览将持续到11 月25 日。开放时间：周二至周日，上午9：00至下午5：00（博物馆周一不开放）。下午4：30以后禁止入馆。门票：成人10美元；学生8美元；12岁以下儿童5美元；5岁以下儿童免费。禁止拍照或携带食物和饮料入馆。Unit 2 Healthy LifestyleReading and Thinking课文原文HABITS FOR A HEALTHY LIFESTYLEAs teenagers grow up, they become more independent and start making their own decisions. However,
29、 during this period, it can be easy for some of them to form bad habits. These bad habits, if left unchecked, could lead to more serious ones when they become adults. For example, some of them may become involved in tobacco or alcohol abuse, which can lead to physical and mental health problems. To
30、prevent harmful habits like these from dominating a teenagers life is essential. They must learn to recognise bad habits early and make appropriate changes.To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on thephilosophy of Aristotle: “We are what we repea
31、tedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand how habits
32、 work.According to modern psychology, we must first learn about the “habit cycle”, which works like this: l Firstly， there is a “cue” , an action， event， or situation that acts as a signal to do something.l Secondly, there is a “routine”, the regular action you take in response to the cue.l Thirdly,
33、 there is the “reward”, the good thing or feeling we get from the routine.For example, when we feel unhappy (cue), we eat lots of unhealthy snacks (routine), which makes us feel happy (reward). The reward makes us much more likely to continue the cycle, and the bad habit of relying on unhealthy snac
34、ks is formed.To facilitate a positive change in our bad habits, we must first examine our bad habit cycles and then try adapt them. We can do this by combining the information from our habit cycles with our own positive ideas. For example, we could try to replace a negative routine with something mo
35、re positive. So, when we feel unhappy again (cue), rather than eat snacks, we could listen to some of our favourite music instead (routine) which will make us feel relaxed (reward). Aside from changing bad habits, we can also use the habit cycle to create good habits. For example, when we come to an
36、 escalator (cue), our normal routine is to ride it, but we could change this routine into something more positive by taking the stairs instead. Many of us try to change bad habits quickly, and if we are not successful straight away we often become pessimistic and give up. In fact, the most successfu
37、l way to change is not suddenly, but over a period of time. As the Chinese philosopher Lao Zi wrote, “A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” One step seems small, but it is essential. To reach the goal of change, a person must show some discipline and repeatedly take many small st
38、eps. After all, it is not easy to break bad habits.For young people, there is plenty of time to change bad habits. However, there is no “magic pill” or delete button that will help you; you have to think about your bad habits and decide on some changes. You have the power to build a happy and health
39、y life full of good habits!课文译文健康的生活习惯青少年在成长过程中，变得更加独立并且开始自己做决定。不过，一些人在这期间容易养成不良习惯。如果放任不管，这些不良习惯在他们成年以后会变得更加严重例如，有些青少年会沉溺于烟酒不能自拔，造成生理和心理健康问题。预防诸如此类的有害习惯影响青少年的生活是至关重要的。他们必须尽早意识到不良习惯，并做出适当的改变。改变不良习惯并非易事甚至尝试多次也未必能够成功。有一条基于亚里士多德哲学思想的著名谚语说道：“重复的行为造就了我们。”在很多方面，我们的生活方式就是我们所做选择的总和。我们选择做某事，然后一遍又一遍地重复。很快，那种选择
40、变成无意识的行为，发展成为更难以改变的习惯。好消息是如果我们理解了习惯是如何运作的，我们就能做出改变。根据现代心理学，首先我们必须了解“习惯循环”。它的运作原理如下：l 第一，“提示”，即一个行为、事件或情况，充当做某事的信号。l 第二，“惯例”，即你根据提示所采取的常规行动。l 第三，“奖励”，即我们从惯例中得到的美好事物或感觉。例如，当我们感到不开心的时候（提示），会吃很多不健康的零食（惯例），这让我们感到开心（奖励）。这种奖励让我们更有可能继续该循环，并养成依赖不健康零食的不良习惯。想要促使不良习惯朝着积极的方向转化，我们必须首先审视自己的坏习惯循环，然后尽力去调整。通过将习惯循环中的信
41、息与我们自己的积极想法相结合，我们可以改变这些习惯。例如，我们可以尝试用更积极的事物来取代消极惯例。所以，当我们再次感到不开心时（提示），与其吃零食，不如听一些我们最喜欢的音乐（惯例），这会使我们感到放松（奖励）。除了改变不良习惯，我们也可以用习惯循环来培养好习惯。例如，当我们走到自动扶梯前时（提示），通常的惯例是搭乘自动扶梯，但是我们可以改成走楼梯，把这个惯例变成更加积极的事。我们当中有许多人试图快速改变不良习惯，如果无法马上成功，我们往往会变得悲观并放弃改变。事实上，最成功的改变方式不是一蹴而就的，而是需要经历一段时间。正如中国哲学家老子所说：“千里之行，始于足下。”一步看似微小，却至关重
42、要。为了达到改变的目的，人必须表现出一定的自制力，不断迈出诸多小步。毕竟，改变不良习惯并非易事。对年轻人来说，他们有充足的时间去改变不良习惯。然而，并没有“魔法药丸”或删除键会帮助你，你必须反思你的不良习惯并决定做出一些改变。你有能力打造充满好习惯的健康快乐的生活！Using Language课文原文Dear Editor,After I attended your summer camp about health and lifestyle choices, I realised I hardly ever felt well, either physically or mentally o
43、ften felt sleepy and dizzy, and lacked passion. Most worrying, though, I got the flu easily and experienced many toothaches, too.At the end of the camp I heard, “Change the world by changing yourself.” This stimulated my motivation. A dentist once examined me and told me that too much sugar in my me
44、als had damaged my teeth and health. I made up my mind to change two things in my life: to eat nothing with sugar and to exercise regularly.After that I stopped buying all the sweets, biscuits, and sugary drinks that I used to have every day. Whenever I went out with friends, brought snacks from hom
45、e, things that didnt have any added sugar: fruit, nuts, dried meat, etc.My exercise was very simple: I went outside every day for at least 30 minutes and did something active. Sometimes I played table tennis or badminton with my cousins. Other times I jumped on my skateboard and rode around my neigh
46、bourhood, or just took a long walk.The results have been fantastic. I feel more dynamic and stronger than ever, in both body and mind. I sleep soundly at night now. I no longer suffer from a flu virus or toothaches either. Best of all, in my opinion, is how I feel about myself. I feel like Im in con
47、trol of my own life. To make choices about myself is within my own power. I CAN change myself. I just need to try.Yours truly,Wang LuDear Editor,As I took part in the summer camp about personal life choices, I started to analyse my choices, especially what I did to relax and how it was affecting my
48、whole life.After starting high school, I felt stressed out and always relaxed by playing computer games. I got so absorbed that I played the games day and night. Playing was fun, but I felt even more worn out afterwards! So after the camp, I realised that it was very, very important to adjust my lif
49、estyle. I decided to take control of my life and find other ways to relax.It was a big struggle not to join my friends in playing online games as Im mad for them. However, I realised that to succeed in quitting, I had to replace it with something else. So I thought about what to try. Rock climbing, bowling, watching comedies, and playing basketball were the
