1、量子世界量子世界 通过上节课的学习，我们知道在19世纪与20世纪之交（1900年前后），许多人认为物理学这座庄严雄伟、动人心弦的科学殿堂已经基本建成了。只是“物理学晴朗天空的远处，漂浮着两朵小小的令人不安的乌云。”两朵乌云：迈克尔孙莫雷实验 热辐射实验相对论相对论经典力学经典力学狭义相对论狭义相对论光速光速时间与时间与空间空间质量质量使用范使用范围围光速是相对的，在不同的参照系上测量，光速可能不同。在任何惯性系中，测量的光速都相等。绝对的时间与绝对的空间，时间与空间和物体的运动无关时间与空间是相对的与物体的运动有关，（时间延缓效应、长度收缩效应）物体的质量是恒定的。物体的质量与运动有关，运动时
2、质量变大。低速世界（我们所生活的这个世界）高速世界（速度接近或达到光速）通过前面的学习，我们知道在19世纪与20世纪之交（1900年前后），许多人认为物理学这座庄严雄伟、动人心弦的科学殿堂已经基本建成了。只是“物理学晴朗天空的远处，漂浮着两朵小小的令人不安的乌云。”两朵乌云：迈克尔孙莫雷实验 热辐射实验相对论相对论量子论量子论 我们知道，燃烧的物体都会发光，后来人们发现那是因为燃烧使物体温度升高的缘故。为什么？光有很多种颜色：可见光：红橙黄绿青蓝紫 光是一种电磁波，波长不同光的颜色就不一样。可见光：红橙黄绿青蓝紫 波长：780nm380nm 燃烧与光到底有什么关系？热辐射：任何物体在任何温度下
3、都会发射各种波长的电磁波。当温度达到一定值时，使发射电磁波的波长在可见光波长范围内，就可以看到光。任何物体都可以发射热辐射，也可以吸收吸收热辐射。黑体：一个能完全吸收热辐射而不反射热辐射的物体。（即光射进去之后完全不反射出来）科学家们通过实验得出：黑体辐射的波长与温度的关系。T/K/m 物理学家想通过经典物理学理论推导出实验曲线。瑞利金斯曲线实验曲线 普朗克从1894年起投入对黑体辐射的研究，奋斗了6年。在用经典理论无法解释实验结果的情况下，提出了崭新的量子假说，成功的解决了“紫外灾难”的问题。普朗克的量子假说认为：物质辐射的能量是一份一份的，就像物体是由一个一个原子构成的一样。一份能量就是一
4、个量子，大小取决于波长，与频率成正比：hvh 是普适常数6.6310-34JS，是频率。v 经典物理学认为，能量是连续的。人们认为光有两种属性，波动性和粒子性。光是电磁波，具有波动性。什么是粒子性？1、牛顿是光的微粒说的创始人，认为光是高速运动的粒子流。可以解释光的反射、光的颜色等。18世纪被大多数人说认可。但却不能解释光的干涉、衍射等。二、光是什么？二、光是什么？2、荷兰物理学家惠更斯认为，光像水波一样，是一种波，称为光波。19世纪60年代，英国物理学家麦克斯韦又提出光是一种电磁波。即光的波动说。可以解释光的干涉、衍射等 到19世纪，波动说就取代了微粒说，得到大多数人的认可。3、但20世纪初
5、，光电效应的出现，人们发现电磁波又没办法解释这一现象。这时爱因斯坦意识到普朗克量子假设的意义，即能量是量子化的。提出了光量子假设。爱因斯坦认为：光是不连续的、分成许多单元，具有一定的能量，这些单元就称为光量子。即光也是一份一份的。光量子即光子。4、光具有波粒二象性：光在一定条件下，突出地表现为微粒性，实质是不连续的。而在另一些条件下，又突出地表现为波动性。5、法国物理学家德布罗意通过研究，意识到既然光具有波粒二象性，那么质量不为零的物质粒子（如电子）也应具有波动性。提出了物质波理论：每个物质的粒子都伴随着波，这种波就叫做物质波，又称为概率波。德布罗意物质波理论揭示了物质（包括光和电子）的统一性
6、。新课标北师大版课件系列高中英语必修必修2 2Beijing Operathe National TreasureBeijing Opera dates back to the 18th century.It is a combination of acting,talking,singing,music,dancing and acrobatics.The costumes are always in bright colour.costumedate backcombinationa national treasurea piercing voiceacrobaticscostumea m
7、ixture of two or more thingsthe clothes worn in plays or filmsto have a history ofa group of valuable things,very special or important for the countrymovement of ones body using the skills of an acrobata very high and loud voiceTask 1:Listen to an interview about Beijing Opera Listen to an interview
8、 about Beijing Opera and answer the following questions.and answer the following questions.1.When did Beijing Opera start?2.What skills do Beijing Opera actors need to have?3.How many main roles are there in Beijing Opera?4.Match the main roles with their names.sheng male roles with brightly painted
9、 faces dan female roles jing clown roles chou male roles1.When did Beijing Opera start?It dates back to the late 18th century.2.What skills do Beijing Opera actors need to have?It is a combination of acting,talking,singing,music,dancing and acrobatics.3.How many main roles are there in Beijing Opera
10、?There are four.4.Match the main roles with their names.sheng male roles dan female roles jing male roles with brightly painted faces chou clown rolesshengdanjingchouBeijing Operahistorymain rolesskills neededTask 2:Listen and use the Strategies to answer Listen and use the Strategies to answer the
11、questions.the questions.1.Where was Beijing Opera performed at the beginning?2.Why does it have very loud music and a piercing singing style?3.Why do performers wear brightly coloured costumes?1.Where was Beijing Opera performed at the beginning?It was performed mostly on open-air stages in markets,
12、streets,teahouses or temple courtyards.2.Why does it have very loud music and a piercing singing style?In order to be heard over the crowds.3.Why do performers wear brightly coloured costumes?In order to be seen by the crowds clearly.Beijing Operahistorymain rolesskills neededcostumesingingQionghua
13、Cantonese Opera Festival1.Read the passage about Cantonese Opera carefully and find out information according to the diagram.2.Discuss with your group members to find out the similarities and differences between Beijing Opera and Cantonese Opera.Cantonese Operahistorymain rolesskills neededcostumesi
14、ngingBesides Beijing Opera,there are still other National Treasures in China.They serve as a window of China.And through this window,foreigners are able to understand Chinese culture better.Besides Beijing Opera,there are still other National Treasures in China.They serve as a window of China.And th
15、rough this window,foreigners are able to understand Chinese culture better.Beijing Operahistorymain rolesskills neededcostumesingingVarious body movements can represent actionsriding in a carriageriding a horseholding a tassel in his handan army of thousandsfour generals and four soldierswalking with a flag on each side
