1、Writing for International Journals (Part II),Yixin Zhou MD &PhD Adult Reconstructive Surgery Beijing Jishuitan Hospital The 4th Clinical College of PKU,a JAS presentation,Good science Good writing,a JAS presentation,Good Scientific Writing requires:,Rules of grammar Weakness of passive voice Need fo
2、r topic sentence Transitional phrases,a JAS presentation,Do you remember?,What included in Introduction? What order and what tense? What constitutes good title? What should be covered in Summary?,a JAS presentation,Questions?,How many references are too many? How should figures be cited? How should
3、Discussion be organized?,a JAS presentation,Questions?,Format Style,a JAS presentation,Questions?,Author frustration Delays in submission Extra-cycle of review,a JAS presentation,Results in:,a JAS presentation,Reading goes with writing like ice cream goes with apple pie,Information Ideas Style Struc
4、ture Sense of history,a JAS presentation,Reading for:,Concise & Simple Make sure meaning of every word Use verb instead of abstract nouns Break up nouns clusters & stacked modifiers,a JAS presentation,Four Rules of Writing:,I have made this letter longer than usual, because I lack time to make it sh
5、orter. -Pascal,a JAS presentation,Every word does no good, does harm!,a JAS presentation,What can be shortened & simplified? What can be eliminated?,a JAS presentation,Concise & Simple:,Love to you occurred in the bottom of my heart!,a JAS presentation,Optimal reaction conditions are approximated wh
6、en,a JAS presentation,The reaction goes fastest when,a JAS presentation,There many factors that Many factors determine the success of a primary or revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA).,a JAS presentation,In an effort to aquire and provide For good fixation and implant stability, long-stemmed tibia
7、l components may be needed in knees,a JAS presentation,If you can say it more simply, do so!,a JAS presentation,Use simple word if possible.,a JAS presentation,Make sure meaning of every word:,Restore vigor to scientific writing Natural, direct, easy to understand,a JAS presentation,Use verbs:,An in
8、crease in heart rate occured,a JAS presentation,Heart rate increased,a JAS presentation,The new drug caused a decrease in heart rate,a JAS presentation,The new drug decreased heart rate,a JAS presentation,If subject, verb, and object conveys core message :,a JAS presentation,Simple,& direct,Occurred
9、, showed, caused, produced, was achieved, was observed, was noted,a JAS presentation,Weak verbs:,Tion (inhibition, formation, decomposition) Ment (improvement, assesment) Ence (occurrenc, existence),a JAS presentation,Nouns from verbs:,Markedly, fairly, quite, rather, several, very, much,a JAS prese
10、ntation,Avoid using vague qualifiers:,The purpose of this study was to We conducted this study to identify the location of the tibial shaft axis on the tibial plateau in a Chinese population. We wanted to determine the relation of the tibial shaft to the tibial plateau and what kind of tibial stem w
11、as best suited to the study population for complex primary or revision TKA.,a JAS presentation,Order and Tense:,We hypothesized that BHR facilitates better and quicker gait restoration after THA. Our major finding was that larger-diameter femoral heads provided a considerably better gait within 1 to
12、 3 months after THA.,a JAS presentation,Order and Tense:,Heart rate Bone cell,a JAS presentation,Break up noun cluster & stacked modifiers:,Trabecular length variability Variability in trabecular length,a JAS presentation,Break up noun cluster & stacked modifiers:,High riding hips, floating trochant
13、ers ACL(define the first time when they appear),a JAS presentation,Avoid Using Jargon, Acronym and Abbreviation:,Averagely, 22 words or fewer Dont talk two ideas at once, or nest one in the other,a JAS presentation,Avoid Overloaded Sentence:,More than 20 words per verb tend to create a weak sentence
14、,a JAS presentation,Avoid Overloaded Sentence:,The use of an excessive number of words in conjunction with a single verb makes for a weak sentence, deficient in strong words, often complex in structure, and very likely complicated by a number of subordinate clauses.,a JAS presentation,If a sentence
15、seems weak, count the words per verb. Verbs, the action words, are your strong words in a sentence. More than 20 words per verb tends to create a weak sentence.,a JAS presentation,The more difficult the science, the simpler the writing should be.,a JAS presentation,Avoid Overloaded Sentence:,Vary se
16、ntence beginnings, type and length Using too many short sentences is also poor,a JAS presentation,Using Variety in Your Sentence:,The elderly patient fell on a scatter rug at home. The patient struck his shoulder when he landed. The patient sustained a fracture of left humerus.,a JAS presentation,Th
17、e elderly patient fell on a scatter rug at home, striking his shoulder and sustaining a fracture of the left humerus.,a JAS presentation,The ability to assess a patient, develop a diagnosis, and outline an appropriate treatment plan lie at the heart of our specialty.,a JAS presentation,a JAS present
18、ation,Cadence:,Sentences have a cadence that the reader can sens, much like the rhythm in a song. You can best sense the cadence by reading the sentence aloud.,a JAS presentation,Very analogous to the rhythm that may be found in a song, we are readily able to discern that are found in sentences when
19、 they are well constructed.,a JAS presentation,a JAS presentation,A paragraph is a collection of sentences that all relate to a common theme.,Use topic sentence Supporting sentences,a JAS presentation,Each Paragraph tells a story:,Tell what try to say early Develop theme using concrete examples Conc
20、lude in a thoughtful way,a JAS presentation,Paragraph Development:,Sometimes regulations that are intended to make drugs more available to patients have a paradoxical effect of reducing their use.,a JAS presentation,Since Morbid became available over the counter(OTC) in drugstores, physicians have r
21、eported that some public assistance patients have ceased their use of these medications and are experiencing,a JAS presentation,Topic sentence, example, conclusion Chronology of what happens Rank of importance,a JAS presentation,Organizing the Paragraph:,a JAS presentation,Using Concrete Samples,Som
22、etimes we find that drugs once avoided in certain diseases actually can be helpful.,a JAS presentation,It was once axiomatic that one did not prescribe beta-blocker drugs for patient with congestive heart failure, but now we have discovered that the drugs are useful in treating some heart failure pa
23、tients.,a JAS presentation,Therefore Because, for example First(sequence) However, although, albeit, in contrast,a JAS presentation,Clear Logical Relationship:,Several studies have revealed that the axis of the tibial shaft is on average located anteromedially to the center of the tibial plateau in
24、the Western population, for which a medially offset stem seems more suitable9,14,15. In contrast, we found that the relationship of the tibial shaft axis and the center of the tibial plateau is different in the Chinese population from that for the Western population.,a JAS presentation,Clear Logical
25、 Relationship:,Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is tremendously successful in treating patients with late-stage hip disease.1,2 However, THA is still disabling; most patients who undergo THA do not have full range of motion or a totally normal gait. Many of them have to give up some sports and daily act
26、ivities.3,a JAS presentation,Clear Logical Relationship:,This happened because allowing the patients who underwent THA with a conventional-size femur head to participate in a rehabilitation protocol without any activity limitation might have increased the postoperative dislocation rate and thus woul
27、d have been unethical. Therefore, we could not discern the exact factors, among a larger femoral head,a JAS presentation,Clear Logical Relationship:,a JAS presentation,Being Considerate of Your Readers!,a JAS presentation,If you develop the itch to write, it can only be relieved by the scrqtch of the pen.,a JAS presentation,The ability to endure rejection is a must!,Thank You！,a JAS presentation,
