1、流行病学 Epidemiology,病因与因果推断,Cause of Disease and Causal Inference,病因与病因推断,病因及病因模型 疾病发生基本条件 病因的研究方法 因果推断的逻辑方法 因果关系的推断标准,病因及病因模型,鬼神、上帝、天意,人,金,木,水,火,土,气,人,活的传染物,人,病原物,环境,宿主,生,物,社,会,物,质,机体,迷信阶段,朴素唯物主义,生物学病因的萌芽,轮状模式,三角模式,病因概念的发展,Lilienfeld的病因定义,Koch病因学说 该种微生物只能发现于该种疾病的病人体内，而不能发现于其他疾病的病人或健康人体内 该病原体能从患者体内获得纯
2、培养 纯培养的微生物接种易感动物能引起该种疾病 从被感染的动物体内又能分离出该病原体,病因及病因模型,Henle-Koch Postulates,Sometimes called “pure determinism” The agent is present in every case of the disease It does not occur in any other disease as a chance or nonpathogenic parasite (one agent one disease) It can be isolated and if exposed to healthy subjects will cause the related disease,
