1、Unit 1 A land of diversity Grammar The Noun Clauses名词性从句名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句句(NounClauses）。）。名词从句的功能名词从句的功能相当于名词词组相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为词从句又可分别称为主语从句主语从句(SubjectClause)、宾语从句、宾语从句(ObjectClause)、表语从句
2、表语从句(PredicativeClause)和同位和同位语从句语从句(AppositiveClause)Who will win the match is still unknown.I want to know what he has told you.The fact is that we have lost the game.The news that we won the game is exciting.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句主语从句一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。e.g.That the earth is round is tr
3、ue.Whether she will come or not is still a question.What you are doing seems very difficult.When they will start has not been decided yet.1.引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。That the earth is round is trueThat-从句作主语通常用从句作主语通常用it作形式主语，而将作形式主语，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：从句置于句末，例如：It is true that the earth is roun
4、d.Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非你非走不可真是件憾事。走不可真是件憾事。2.表示表示“是否是否”意义时，一般用意义时，一般用whether而不用而不用if引导主语从句，引导主语从句，Whether she will come or not is still a question.但如果有形式主语但如果有形式主语it引导时，既可用引导时，既可用whether，也可用也可用if。e.g.Itisstillaquestionifshewillcomeornot.3.有时可用形式主语有时可用形式主语it代替主语从句：代替主语从句：e.g.Iti
5、sstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhentheywillstart.用用it作形式主语的作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：配关系：a.It+be+形容词形容词+that-从句从句It is necessary that 有必要有必要It is important that 重要的是重要的是It is obvious that 很明显很明显b.It+be+-ed 分词分词+that-从句从句It is believed that人们相信人们相信It is known
6、to all that从所周知从所周知It has been decided that已决定已决定c.It+be+名词名词+that-从句从句It is common knowledge that 是常识是常识It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是令人惊奇的是It is a fact that事实是事实是d.It+不及物动词不及物动词+that-分句分句It appears that似乎似乎It happens that碰巧碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起我突然想起 1._ you dont like him is none of my busine
7、ss.A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether2._ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.A.What B.That C.The fact D.The matter练一练！练一练！what与与that在引导名词性从句时的区别在引导名词性从句时的区别:what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语如主语,宾语宾语,表语表语,表示表示的的.而而that则不然则不然,它在句它在句子中只起连接作用子中只起连接作用,没有意义没有意义.(1)What you said yeste
8、rday is right.(2)Thattheearthgoesaroundthesuniswell-knowntoeverybody.3._ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who 4._the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That5._ is a fact that English is being accepted as an i
9、nternational language.A.There B.ThisC.That D.It6.When and why he came here _ yet.A.is not known B.are not known C.has not known D.have not bee 7.After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth,_ our astronauts desire to do is to walk in space.A.where B.what C.that D.how 8.It worried Mary a lot _ sh
10、e would pass the college entrance examination.A.whether B.if C.that D.how 宾语从句宾语从句一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句。一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句。e.g.Doyouknowwhereheis?Imglad(that)youhavepassedtheexam.Idontknowwhether(if)youarewillingtohelpme.ImsorryforwhatIhavesaid.我为我说的话表示歉意。我为我说的话表示歉意。特别提示特别提示1.由连接词由连接词that引导宾语从句时，引导宾语
11、从句时，that在句中在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句第二个分句前的前的that不可省。不可省。2.下列宾语从句下列宾语从句必须用必须用whether引导，引导，不可不可用用if:a.从句后有从句后有ornot时，不可用时，不可用if:Idontknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.b.介词宾语通常用介词宾语通常用whether引导引导:Itdependsonwhetherheiscomingornot.这要看他是否会来。这要看他是否会来。c.后接动词不定式时。
12、后接动词不定式时。Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?你能否告诉我是去还是留？你能否告诉我是去还是留？3.用用who，whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等关联词引导的等关联词引导的宾语宾语从句从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用用陈述语序陈述语序。Doyouknowhowoldheis?Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知我想知道他告诉了你什么。道他告诉了你什么。Shealwaysthinksofhows
13、hecanworkwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。的支持。4.think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：到主句中。例如：Wedontthinkyouarehere.我们认为你不我们认为你不在这。在这。Idontbeli
14、evehewilldoso.我相信他不会我相信他不会这样做。这样做。1.He asked _ for a violin（MET1992）A.did I pay how much B.I paid how much C.how much did I pay D.how much I paid2It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants.(NMET1997)A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever3.Little Tommy was reluctant to te
15、ll the schoolmaster _ he had done the day before.A.that B.how C.what D.where4.The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _ up to be during the past few years.A.had his daughter grown B.would his daughter grow C.his daughter would grow D.his daughter had grown5.Have you seen Mary lately?My boss wants
16、to know _.A.how she is getting along B.how is she getting along C.what she is getting along D.what is she getting along6.The true value of life is not in _,but _.A.which we get;what give we B.what we get;what we give C.which do we get;what do we give D.how we get;that we give7.You cant imagine _ whe
17、n they received these nice Christmas presents.A.how they were excited B.how excited they were C.how excited were they D.they were how excited 8.Do you know _?A.how many populations there are in the world?B.how much population there is in the world C.how many the population of the world is D.what the
18、 population of the world is9.I dont doubt _ hell come.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.whether10.Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not.A.if B.where C.whether D.that11.If depends on _ we will be ready in time.A.whether B.that C.if D.when表语从句表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句.
19、表语从句放表语从句放在连系动词后，如：在连系动词后，如：be，seem,remain等，有时等，有时用用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词系动词+that从句。从句。e.g.TheproblemisthatIamshortofmoney.Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestionishowwecangetthere.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看上去天要下雨了。看上去天要下雨了。特别提醒特别提醒1.表语从句中的时态不受主句的限制表语从句中的时态不受主句的限制.2.表语从句是不用表语从句是不用if引
20、导的引导的,要用要用wheth主语是主语是reason时，表语从句常用时，表语从句常用that，不用，不用because.Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.1.What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon（上海2001年春季招生）A.when B.how C.whether D.why 2.-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.-Is that _ you had a f
21、ew days off?(NMET1999)A.why B.what C.when D.where 3._ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;why C.What;because D.Why;that 1.The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer.Warm sunshine and soft sands make_it is.A.what B.which C.
22、how D.where 2.AfterYang LI wei succeeded in circling the earth,_our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.A.where B.what C.that D.how 3.-Dont you think it necessary that he _to Miami but to New York?-I agree,but the problem is _he has refused to.A.will not be sent;that B.not be sent;that C.should
23、 not be sent;what D.should not send;what 4.I was surprised by her words,which made me recognize _ silly mistakes I had made.A.what B.that C.how D.which 5.The poor young man is ready to accept _help he can get.A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whenever 6.It is none of your business_other people thin
24、k about you.Believe yourself.A.how B.what C.which D.when 7._is no possibility_Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that B.It;that C.There;whether D.It;whether 8._that the two countries are going to have a talk.A.It reports B.It is reported C.It is reporting D.What is reported 9.As soon a
25、s he comes back,Ill tell him when _and see him.A.you will come B.will you come C.you come D.do you come 10.I want to know _the thief was caught on the spot.A.which B.that C.what D.whetherUnit 1 A Land of DiversityLanguage points1.diversity=variety 多样性、变化多样性、变化a diversity of vegetablesdiversify vt.使使
26、多样性，使多样性，使不同不同diversify ones skills/interestsWe should diversify the syllabus(教学大纲）教学大纲）to attract more students.A company should diversify.2.illustratevt.说明、阐明（用图示、实例等）说明、阐明（用图示、实例等）Thelecturerillustratedthetheorywithexamples.Pleaseillustratehowtousethemachine.illustrationn.实例实例bywayofillustration以
27、实例说明以实例说明3.California is the third largest state in the 序数词可以修饰形容词的最高级序数词可以修饰形容词的最高级 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.可以修饰形容词最高级的词：可以修饰形容词最高级的词：far/by far/much可以修饰比较级的词：可以修饰比较级的词：no/a little/a bit/any/slightly/by far Youre standing too near the camera.Can you move _?A a bit far
28、B a little farther C a bit of farther D a little far 4.population un/cn.人口人口 The population of China_ large.And 70%of the population of China_ peasants.表示整体人口时谓语动词用单数，表示部表示整体人口时谓语动词用单数，表示部分人口时谓语动词用复数。分人口时谓语动词用复数。而形容人口的多而形容人口的多少通常用少通常用large/small.isare对人口的多少进行疑问时，可用对人口的多少进行疑问时，可用Whatsthepopulationof.
29、?WhatsthepopulationofGuangdong?haveapopulationof.有多少人口有多少人口Chinahasapopulationof1.3billion.anincrease/growthinpopulation人口人口5.multi-“多、多方面、多方向多、多方面、多方向”multi-colored多色的多色的multi-racial多民族的多民族的multi-media多媒体多媒体multiparty多党制的多党制的6.bymeansof:byusing依靠、凭借依靠、凭借那个囚犯从秘密通道逃走了。那个囚犯从秘密通道逃走了。Theprisonerescapedb
30、ymeansofasecrettunnel.思想可以凭借音乐的形式来表现。思想可以凭借音乐的形式来表现。Thoughtscanbeexpressedbymeansofmusic.means:Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried.Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried.Thequickestmeansoftravelisbyair.byallmeans无论如何、当然可以无论如何、当然可以bynomeans一点也不、绝不一点也不、绝不Wecansucceed_(通过通过)hardwork.Youcangetthere_(乘坐多种交通工具乘坐多种交通工具)
31、.bymeansofbymanymeansoftransport7.WhenthefirstpeoplearrivedinwhatwenowknowasCalifornia,宾语从句宾语从句=theplacethatwenowknowasCalifornia.定语从句定语从句GeorgeWashingtonwasbornin_isnowthestateofVirginia.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.what=GeorgeWashingtonwasbornintheplacethatisnowthestateofVirginia.D1.PudongDevelopmentZone
32、isnolongeraruralarea_itusedtobe.2.PudongDevelopmentZoneisnolonger_itusedtobe.A.whatB.whereC.thatD.thereCA定语从句定语从句,先行词是先行词是area,that作关系代词作关系代词表语从句表语从句8However,it is likely thatNativeAmericanswerelivinginCaliforniaatleastfifteenthousandyearsago.Itislikely/possible/probablethatsb/sthislikelytodosth某人某人
33、/物有可能做某事物有可能做某事注意注意:likely 比较级为比较级为 likelier,最高级为最高级为 likelieste.g.Sheis_tosucceed.她有可能会成功她有可能会成功.=Itislikelythatshewillsucceed.likelyThisisa_story.这是一个有可能发生的故事这是一个有可能发生的故事.likely辨析辨析:likely,possible,probable按可能性程度按可能性程度,probable可能性最大可能性最大,其次为其次为likely,最小为最小为possible.但需要注意的是但需要注意的是,likely的的主语可以是人主语可
34、以是人,但但possible,probable却只能用形却只能用形式主语式主语it.9.forceinto强迫强迫成为、做、进入成为、做、进入Theyforcedhimintosigning(tosign)thepaper.Heforcedhisfeetintohisshoes.Shewasforcedintocrimebycircumstances.她为境遇所迫而犯罪。她为境遇所迫而犯罪。Thefellowforcedhiswayintomyhome.那家伙强行闯入我家。那家伙强行闯入我家。parecompare：China has more people than any other co
35、untry in the world.China has more people than any country in Europe.11.Spanish soldiers arrived in South America in the early 16th century when(定语从句）定语从句）they fought against the native people and took their land.西班牙士兵最早是在西班牙士兵最早是在16世纪初来到南美的，（当世纪初来到南美的，（当时）他们同土著人打仗，夺取了他们的土地。时）他们同土著人打仗，夺取了他们的土地。People
36、fromAfricahavebeenlivinginCaliforniasincethe1800s,whentheymovednorthfromMexico.非洲人从非洲人从 1919世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，（当时）世纪就在加利福尼亚住下来，（当时）他们是从墨西哥向北来的。他们是从墨西哥向北来的。Evenmorearrivedbetween1942and1945whentheycametoCaliforniatoworkintheshipandaircraftindustries.更多的非洲人是在更多的非洲人是在19421942年到年到19451945年间来到加利福年间来到加利福尼亚的，当时
37、他们是到船厂或飞机厂工作的。尼亚的，当时他们是到船厂或飞机厂工作的。take捕捉、获胜、占领、夺取等捕捉、获胜、占领、夺取等takeatiger/afort（城堡（城堡）/aprisoner/adegree（学位）（学位）/abribe（受贿）（受贿）12.the/amajority(of)大多数、大部分大多数、大部分The/Amajorityofthecountryspeak（s)English.The/Amajorityofstudentswere/wasagainstthepolicy.Themajorityis/arealwaysabletoimpose(强加）强加）its/their
38、willontheminority.majorityn.大多数大多数The majority_ for the budget.The majority of students _ hard-working.The majority of the damage _ easy to repair.单独做主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数，单独做主语时，若强调整体，谓语动词用单数，强调个体时，谓语动词用复数强调个体时，谓语动词用复数。minority 少数少数was/wereare/isisbein(the/a)majority占多数、过半数占多数、过半数1).Thosewhoareforthepr
39、oposal_.A.inthemajorityB.arethemajorityC.areinthemajorityD.isinthemajority2).Thenumberofstudentsinourclass_63andthemajorityofthem_cleverandworkhard.A.is;isB.are;areC.is;areD.are;is3)Youngpeoplewereinthemajorityatthemeeting.(Translate)13.declarevt.1）tomakeknownpubliclyorofficially宣布宣布,宣告宣告1).Thechair
40、mandeclaredtheresultsoftheelection.2).Warwasdeclaredontheenemy.警方现在已经对这个地区的毒贩宣战了警方现在已经对这个地区的毒贩宣战了.3).Thepolicehavedeclaredwarondrugdealersinthisarea.法官宣判法官宣判这个窃贼有罪。这个窃贼有罪。4).Thejudgedeclaredthethiefguilty.2）Tostatewithgreatforcessothatthereisnodoubtaboutthemeaning宣称宣称,声称声称,断言断言1).她郑重宣布她对此事一无所知。她郑重宣布
41、她对此事一无所知。Shesolemnlydeclaredthatsheknewnothingaboutit.2).请表明你的立场。请表明你的立场。Declareyourposition,please.3).她声称自己无罪。她声称自己无罪。Shedeclaredherselftobeinnocent.4).他声明此事属实他声明此事属实.Hedeclaredthatitwastrue.(3)Tomakeafullstatement申报申报Haveyouanythingtodeclare?announce把大家所关心的事情，特别是有新闻把大家所关心的事情，特别是有新闻价值的，做一般或正式的宣布。价值
42、的，做一般或正式的宣布。14.make/earna/oneslife谋生、习惯新的生谋生、习惯新的生活方式活方式make/earn/geta/onesliving谋生谋生现在越来越多的年轻人去了城市并在那儿谋生。现在越来越多的年轻人去了城市并在那儿谋生。Nowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplemovetocitiestomakealifethere.15.alargepercentagehavechosen=alargepercentageofChinese-Americanshavechosen.1).Alargepercentageofpopulationliveinb
43、igcities.2).这宾馆很大比例的收入来自于游览这湖的游客。这宾馆很大比例的收入来自于游览这湖的游客。Alargepercentageofthehotelsincomecomesfromthevisitorstothelake.3).Onlyasmallpercentageofstudentsareforeigners.percent(用在数词后）（其余都用用在数词后）（其余都用percentage)(1)The result is expressed _(以以百分比百分比).(2)_(比例越来越大比例越来越大)ofthepopulationowntheirownhouses.(1)_(
44、大部分大部分)peoplecame.(2)_(百分之五十的学生百分之五十的学生)cameformworkersfamily.asapercentageAnincreasingpercentageAlargepercentageof50percentofstudents16.establishatown建立城镇建立城镇establishanewbusiness开创新事业开创新事业establishfriendlyrelationswith建立友好关系建立友好关系establishthathewasright.证明他是对的。证明他是对的。17.immigratevi.(to/into)移居，迁入移
45、居，迁入他很小时从爱尔兰移民到美国他很小时从爱尔兰移民到美国Asachild,heimmigratedtotheUSfromIreland.immigrationn.immigrationlaws移民法移民法immigrant(s)n.theEuropeanimmigrants18.ItisbelievedthatItissaidthatItishopedthatItissupposedthatItissuggestedthatItisreportedthat主语从句主语从句ItisreportedthatsomeEuropeancountriesarefloodedseverely.Itis
46、hopedthatthecostofmedicalcarecanbecutdown.19.mix混合混合n.混合，混乱混合，混乱V.1).Wehavetocomeupwithamix(n.)ofpoliciestopleasethevoters.（折中）折中）2).Youcanmixyellowandbluetogethertomakegreen.3).Wecannotmixworkwithpleasure.mixturen.混合物混合物,混合体混合体4).这种饮料是三种不同饮料的混合物这种饮料是三种不同饮料的混合物Thedrinkisamixtureof3differentsortsofdr
47、inks.amixtureofsadnessandanger/waterandoilvi.混合，使混合，使结合结合1).Oilandwaterdontmix2).Oildoesntmixwithwater.3).TomandJohnmixlikeoilandwater.4).Igot/wasmixedupatfirst.头脑混乱头脑混乱5).Hewasmixedupinthescandal.(丑闻丑闻)牵连到牵连到6).Dontgetmixedupwiththem.与与交往交往,有联系有联系Successisa_ofasharpmindandhardtrainingratherthanjust
48、talking.A.mixtureB.thoughtC.timeD.action20.nationality国籍国籍1).她是美国国籍但住在中国。她是美国国籍但住在中国。ShehasAmericannationalitybutlivesinChina.2).-你是哪国人？你是哪国人？-中国人中国人-Whatsyournationality?-ChineseReadingII1.occurvi.存在，被发现；发生；想到，想起存在，被发现；发生；想到，想起(to),(主语是事，宾语是人）主语是事，宾语是人）Theseflowersoccurinthetropics(热带）热带）.Thesoundd
49、oesntoccurinChinese.Whendidtheaccidentoccur?.Anideaoccurredtome.Itneveroccurredtohimthatshewouldfail.2.cattlen.集体名词，指复数概念，谓语用复数集体名词，指复数概念，谓语用复数Wehavefive(headof)cattle.Thecattleareraisedonmyfarm.people,police,folk,militia(民兵部队）民兵部队）3.Indicatevt.指示，标出，表明，暗示指示，标出，表明，暗示Heindicatedthedoorhintingmetogoou
50、t.他指着门示意我出去。他指着门示意我出去。Thesignpost(路标）路标）indicatestherightroad.Hishesitationindicatedthathedoubtedabouttheplan.(暗示）暗示）Hisredfaceindicateshighbloodpressure.（是（是的的征兆）征兆）Thebellrang,_thatclasswasover.A.IndicatedB.indicatingC.indicateD.toindicate4.goexploring去观光、去探险去观光、去探险=gosightseeingexplore探索（探索（for)T
