1、Noun Clauses,Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences: 1.The world loves nature. 2.Knowledge is power . 3.We Chinese are peace- loving.,subject,object,predicative,subject,subject,apposition,predicative,名词性从句,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,His job is important.,What he does is important.,表语,
2、This is his job.,This is what he does every day.,宾语,I dont like his job.,I dont like what he does every day.,同位语,I dont know about the man, Mr. White.,I dont know about the fact that he is Mr.White.,什么叫名词性从句？,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses） 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从
3、句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,What are noun clauses? His story is interesting. What he said is interesting. I heard his story. I heard what he said. I listen to his story. I listen to what he said. This is his story. This is what he said. The idea of going there is good. The idea that we go there is g
4、ood.,Subject clause,Object clause,Object clause after a preposition,Predictive clause,Appositive clause,Practice time：指出下列各名词性从句的种类,At lunchtime, the radio weatherman reported that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. 2. She wondered if the buses would still be running. 3. The truth i
5、s that the fog is too thick for the bus to run that far. 4. When we will start is not clear. 5. I had no idea that you were her friend.,Object clause,Object clause,Predicative clause,Subject clause,Appositive clause,名词性从句中的连接词有: 连词: that / whether / as if(though); 连接代词: what / who/ which / whose / w
6、hatever / whoever / whomever / whichever， 连接副词: where / when / why / how / wherever / whenever。,引导词,句型转换 1.They are good doctors. He told us. 2. He hadnt said anything at the meeting. The fact surprised us.,He told us that they were good doctors.,The fact that he hadnt said anything at the meeting s
7、urprised us.,总结：当从句原来是陈述句时，变成名词性从句用that引导。,3.Does your sister get up early? Do you know? 4.Do animals have the same senses as humans? I often wonder. ,Do you know if/ whether your sister gets up early?,I often wonder if/ whether animals have the same senses as humans.,总结：当从句原来是一般疑问句时，变成名词性从句用if或whet
8、her引导。,5.When did he buy this new bike? Could you tell me? 6.My question is this: where will the lecture be given? ,Could you tell me when he bought this new bike?,My question is where the lecture will be given.,总结：当从句原来是特殊疑问句时，变成名词性从句还用原来的特殊疑问词来引导。,总结：名词性从句必须用陈述句语序。另外，一般情况下，名词性从句均看作单数概念。由what引导的一般看
9、后面的表语。宾语从句的时态一般与主句保持一致。,1.What we need more time. 2.What we need more English dictionaries.,are,is,Practice time.单句改错,1.That the earth turns around the sun are known to all. 2.When the meeting will be held havent been known yet. 3.I didnt know that you will come. 4.He said that he is writing a story
10、. 5.Could you tell me when will he arrive? 6.You can begin to see why does English have such strange rules.,_ is,_ hasnt,_ would,_ was,_ he will,_ English has,Object Clauses 宾语从句,I know him . 2. I know who he is .,主语,谓语,宾语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾 语 从 句,连词,从句主语,从句谓语,主 句,（复合句）,宾语从句的概念： 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。,句子结构： 主句
11、 +连词（引导词）+ 宾语从句,一、连词（引导词） 1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略,She says (that) she wont take part in the sports meeting next Sunday. Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.,2.宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略： （1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省； （
12、2）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。 （3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.,在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的省略that的从句也可算是宾语从句,Im sorry (that)
13、I dont know . Were sure (that) our team will win . Im afraid (that) he wont pass the exam .,2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略,Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag . Lets see if /whether we can find out some information about that ci
14、ty . She asked me if /whether she could borrow these books .,whether与if的辨用,表“是否”时，在下列情况下用whether。 a. 主语从句 b. 表语从句 c. 同位语从句 d. 介词后的宾语从句 e.后接动词不定式 (whether to do sth.) f .whether or not 连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if,Practice time,if / whether 1. I asked her _ she had a bike. 3. Were worried about _ he is safe. 4. I
15、 dont know _ he is well or not. 5. I dont know _ or not he is well. 8. I dont know _ to go.,if / whether,whether,whether /if,whether,whether,3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）或连接副词（when, where, how, why）引导，因为连接代词或连接副词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略,Do you know what he said just now ?
16、 I dont remember when we arrived . I asked him where I could get so much money . Please tell me who (whom) we have to see . Do you know what time the plane leaves ?,带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句,Could you tell us how often you go abroad for a holiday ?,Could you tell us how long the meeting will last ?,I dont k
17、now how far it is to the cinema .,Please tell us how many students there are in your school ?,Can you tell us how old his brother is ?,Please tell us how soon you will be ready .,Could you tell us how much it costs to fly to Hainan ?,二、时态 1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ， 现在进行时，现在完成时），从句的时态可根 据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在
18、时，一般过 去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）,I know he lives here . I know he lived here ten years ago . I have heard that he will come tomorrow .,2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）,I knew who lived here. I saw she was talking with her mother. He asked whether his father would
19、come back tomorrow. He said that he had seen it .,3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理 时用一般现在时。,The teacher said that the sun travels around the earth .,The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow. (be) The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go) Tom says that they _ (play) basketball at six oclock yesterday evening. I hea
20、r they _ (return) it already. He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948. (be),will be,goes,were playing,have returned,had been,6. I didnt know what time he _ the letter. (write) 7. Could you tell me who _ away the book already? (take) 8. Ling Feng told me he _ to the Great Wall several tim
21、es. (be),wrote,has taken,had been,三、语序 宾语从句的语序用陈述语序： 连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,1. When will he go to the library? His brother asks when he will go to the library . His brother asks when will he go to the library .,2. What does he want to buy ? I dont know what he wants to buy . I dont know what does he want to
22、 buy .,1could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。,注意事项,Could you please tell me where we show our tickets ? Could you tell us which gate we have to go to ? Would you like to know when he will come back ?,2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用that,She says (that) she will leave a messa
23、ge on his desk . He said (that) he was going to take care of the child . He asks if I like playing the piano . You may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station .,3. 否定的转移:若主语谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。 I do
24、nt think this dress fits you well. (我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。),4. it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语:it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语-that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 We heard it that she would get married next month.,Predicative Clauses 表语从句,表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从
25、句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。另外,常用的还有the reason why is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：,. 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后. 作用:对主语进行解释说明。,连接词：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不 引导 表语从句) 连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how / because,The question is whether we can rely on h
26、im. Thats because we were in need of money at that time . He looked as if he was going to cry . Thats why I was late .,注 意：,在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“If”。 一般情况下，“that”不能省。 It is /was because . It is /was why. 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that. 4 The reason is because /why,that .,名词主语+be+that
27、引起的表语从句,在这种句型中，常用表示事实，真理的名词，如：fact, truth 或表示看法，观点的名词，如：idea,opinion,belief,view,feeling,suggestion,plan等作主语。,如： 1.The fact is that our team has won the game. 2.The truth is that she was the very person who informed against her husband.,注意,表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句相同. 但: 1. that引导表语从句时不能省. 2. if不能引导表语从句.,1
28、. Thats _ the Party called on us to do. A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3 .That is _ they separated. A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.Jane is no longer _ she was four years ago. A. what B. which C. that D.
29、when,Subject Clauses 主语从句,1. 主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分,1). That he will succeed is certain . 2) Whether he will go there is not known . 3) What he said is not true . 4) Where he hid the money is to be found out . 5) Whoever comes is welcome. 6) Its certain that he will succeed .,7) How we can help the twins
30、will be discussed at the meeting.,8)When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.,考点一:主语从句后置! 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. 例: That we shall be late is certain. - Its certain that we shall be late. 1. That the earth is round is known to all. - 2. That you missed the chance is
31、a pity. - 由连词 whether , 连接代词 what,who,which 和连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导.也 常常后置:,It is a pity that you missed the chance.,Its known to all that the earth is round.,It 的用法： （形式主语） It possible/important/necessary/clear that很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚 Its said/ reported that据说/据报道 Its been announced/declared tha
32、t已经通知/宣布 It seems/appears/happens that显然、明显、 碰巧 Its no wonder that并不奇怪/无疑 Its a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (众所周知） / a common saying.（俗话说）,考点二 注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数 What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定 What he needs _is_ that book. What he needs _are_ some books.,what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语,而that则不然,它在句子中只起连接
33、作用。例如： (1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a puzzle.,What 与 that 引导主语从句,由 that 引导: 1. That we shall be late is certain. 2. _ is known to all. (地球是圆的) 3. _ is a pity. (你错过了这次机会) that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子. that 不可省,That the earth is round,That you missed the chance,注 意：,What
34、 you left are only several old books. What you said is of great importance. What he says and does doesnt concern me. What he says and does dont agree.,“if” 不能引导主语从句，应有“whether”引导。,主语从句的 “that” 一般不能省。,“what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词： 1）常与其后的名词作表语一致 2）根据句子的语境而定。,_ he made an important speech at the meeting was tru
35、e. A. That B. Why C. What D. How,2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A If B Whether C That D Where,3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World. Which; belong to b. As, belonged to c. What; belonging to d. It; belonging to,4. Its known to us all _ a
36、 form of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 6.What I say and think _ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have,Appositive Clauses 同位语从句,同位语从句在句中充当同位语从句成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea
37、；belief ； fact ； truth ； problem ；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明. n.+ 连接词 + 从句,同位语从句常用 that 引导或用连接副词when / where/why / how / whether,1) The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people .,2).Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her
38、 happiness.,注: 1. 同 位语从句多用that 引导,2. 在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.,I have no idea where he has gone. I have no idea when he did it. I have no idea what he did.,I have no idea,when he will be back.,how he can get the treasure.,where the concert will be hold.,who can finish the work.,why it happened.,
39、which pen is mine.,what we should do next.,whom they are talking about.,whether itll rain tomorrow.,that our football team won the game.,1.Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.,2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./
40、We heard the news last night.,_,The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,_,We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.,名词demand, suggestion, proposal, advice 等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气, 结构为 should + do, should
41、 可省略,He gave me a suggestion that I ( should ) be calm now.,I have heard the news that he visited our factory . I have heard the news that he told you the other day .,同位语从句和定语从句的区别： 1 同位语从句that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分 定语从句 that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语 2同位语从句同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系，对名词进行补充说明 定语从句 定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对名词进行修饰，加
42、以限定 3同位语从句that 不能省 定语从句 that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省,Practice :判断下列各句是同位语从句还是定语从句,1.They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. 2. The hope that she expressed is that they would come to visit China again. 3.The fact that she works hard is well known to us all.,同位语从句,定语从句,同位语从句,1. The you
43、ng man asked _ its summer or winter. A. either B. that C. weather D. whether 2. We dont know _ they did it . A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us _ Jim can come back on time . A. that B. if C. when D. what time 4. Does anybody know _ or not we will have a sports meeting this weekend
44、. A. if B. where C. whether D. that,D,A,B,C,5. Could you show me _ ? A. how can I get to the station B. where is the station C. how I could get to the station D. how I can reach the station 6. Please tell me _. A. what does he like B. what he does like C. what he likes D. what he like 7. My sister t
45、old him _ . A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiting D. where did you live,C,B,D,8. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _ . A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 9. Could you tell me how long _ ? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this sci
46、ence book C. have you been away from China D. have you been a member of Greener China 10. He says that if it _ tomorrow , he _ fishing . A. will rain , wont go B. rained , wasnt go C. rains , wont go D. rain , will go,B,C,D,1. _made the school proud was _more than 90%of the students had been admitte
47、d to key universities . A What / because B What / that C That / what D That / because 2._she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons . A What / why B That / what C What / because D Why / that,B,A,B,3. He is absent from school . It is _ he is seriously ill. A. why B. because C. that D. the reason,4 _has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising . A Who B The one C Anyone D Whoever 5. Information
