1、第六章第六章 法律题材翻译法律题材翻译 法律题材文本特点法律题材文本特点 l法律英语的词汇特征 一、古英语和中世纪英语二、拉丁语和法语三、法律术语和行话 四、具有法律意义的常用词 五、同义词或近义词的并列 六、准确性词语和模糊性词语 七、情态动词 古英语词语古英语词语laforementionedlforegoinglherebylhereinlheretolnotwithstandinglpursuant tolsaithlthereoflto witlwherefore前述的前述的特此于此处至此尽管根据说（第三人称单数现在时）其即为何，因此拉丁语拉丁语lalibilbona fidelex
2、 partelhabeas corpuslin relinter aliallex forilper capitalper selprima facielquorumlultra vireslversus不在犯罪现场善意单方人身保护令有关事宜在其他事项中法院地法人均本身初步的，表面的法定人数越权行为诉，对法语法语leasementlforce majeurellachesllienlsuitltort ltrespass地役权不可抗力疏忽延误留置权诉讼侵权侵犯、闯入私人领地常见的法律术语常见的法律术语lclause 条款ldecree 法令ldraft 法案，草案llaw enforcemen
3、t 法律的实施llegislation 立法loffender 罪犯lspecific performance 实际履行lwill 遗嘱常见的法律行话常见的法律行话lalleged 被指控的lcause of action 诉由ldamages 赔偿金lday in court 出庭日ldue process of law 法律正当程序lissue of fact 事实上的争论点lissue of law 法律上的争论点llegal fiction 法律拟制lmaterial evidence 关键证据lplea bargain 辩诉交易（认罪求情协议）lreasonable doubt 合理
4、怀疑lreasonable man 正常的人lsubrogation 代位权lwithout prejudice 不使合法权利受到损害具有法律意义的常用词具有法律意义的常用词 常用词action brief construction finding motionpracticesecurity service 一般意义行动简短的，简洁的建设发现运动练习，实践安全服务法律意义诉讼 案情说明书（法律）解释 判决，裁定 动议 诉讼程序，诉讼实务 抵押品，担保品 送达（传票）同义词或近义词的并列同义词或近义词的并列 lacknowledge and confesslauthorize,direct a
5、nd empowerlbusiness,enterprise and undertakinglby and withlcancel,annul and set asidelcease and come to an endlcease and terminatelfinal and conclusivelfor and on behalf oflgive and grantlhave,hold and possessllast will and testamentlmentioned or referred to lmodified and changedlobey,observe and co
6、mply withlright,title and interestlsave and exceptltrue and correctlvoid and of no effectlwithin and under the terms of准确性词语准确性词语lallleach and everylimpossiblelirrevocablelneverlnonelunavoidablelwhereverlwhoever所有的每一个不可能不可撤消永远不没有无法避免任何地方任何人模糊性词语模糊性词语ladequateldue processlexcessivelimproperlreasonabl
7、e speedlrelatedlsufficientlunreasonable适当的正当程序额外的不适当的合理的速度相关的足够的不合理的情态动词情态动词 lmay 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么）lshall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么）lmay not（或shall not）用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）法律英语的句式特征法律英语的句式特征 l陈述句 l完整句 l被动句 l长句 陈述句陈述句 lWhoever commits arson,breaches a dike,causes explosion,spreads poison or uses other dangerous means
8、to sabotage any factory,mine,oilfield,harbor,river,water source,warehouse,house,forest,farm,threshing grounds,pasture,key pipeline,public building or any other public or private property,thereby endangering public security but causing no serious consequences,shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprison
9、ment of not less than three years but not more than ten years.完整句完整句 lIn the Contract（as hereinafter defined）the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them,except where the context otherwise requires:l1.1 Employer means the person named as such in this contract a
10、nd the legal successors in title to such person,but not（except with the consent of the Contractor）any assignee of such person.l1.2 Contractor means the person whose tender has been accepted by the Employer and the legal successors in title to such person but not（except with the consent of the Employ
11、er）any assignee of such person.l1.3 Subcontractor means any person named in the Contract as a Subcontractor for a part of the Works or any person to whom a part of the Works has been subcontracted with the consent of the Engineer and the legal successors in title to such person,but not any assignee
12、of any such person.l被动句被动句 lThe validity of an arbitration clause or an arbitration agreement shall not be affected by the modification，rescission，termination，invalidity，revocation or non-existence of the contract.lAdequate food and refreshment will be supplied free.You are not entitled to receive f
13、rom outside anything except the basic necessities of clothing.However you may,if you request,be permitted at your own expense to have food from outside to be brought to you subject to inspection.长句长句 lThe context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise in addition to the tex
14、t，including its preamble and annexes；l（a）any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty；l（b）any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other part
15、ies as an instrument related to the treaty.法律英语的篇章特征法律英语的篇章特征 l程式化l规范化法律英语文本的翻译法律英语文本的翻译 l信、达、雅 vs.忠实l直译法 vs.诠释法 词的翻译词的翻译 l准确性l同一性英翻中：把握准确性英翻中：把握准确性 l专业用语的翻译 l复合副词的翻译 l配对词和三连词的翻译 l模糊用语的翻译 专业用语的翻译专业用语的翻译l例1：The Directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or ch
16、arge its undertaking,property and uncalled capital，or any part thereof，and subject to Section 80 of the Company Act,to issue and create mortgages,charges,memoranda of deposits,debentures,debenture stock and other securities whether outright or as security for any debts,liability or obligation of the
17、 Company or any third partyluncalled capital是“未收资本”，mortgage是“按揭”，charge是“抵押”，memorandum of deposit是“存放单”，debenture是“债券”，debenture stock是“公司债券”，securities是“证券”。复合副词的翻译复合副词的翻译lAttachments thereof shall be made an integral part of this contract.(hereof指of this contract)lThese rules shall apply to all
18、vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessel.（therewith指with the high seas）lNOW THEREFORE for good and valuable consideration,the Parties hereby mutually agree to the following terms and conditions whereby Recipient will hold in confidence Suppliers c
19、onfidential and proprietary information which has been or will be disclosed to Recipient.（whereby即by which，指by the following terms and conditions）配对词和三连词的翻译配对词和三连词的翻译l完全同义词lThis agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.l译文：甲方与乙方达成并签订本合同。l部分同义词l例7：THEREFORE,in view of the
20、 foregoing premises and consideration of the mutual covenants and undertakings hereinafter provided,the parties hereto agree as follows:l译文：鉴于上述前提以及双方就下列事项进行的约定和承诺，双方约定如下：模糊用语的翻译模糊用语的翻译l模糊词对模糊词lIf a sentence of imprisonment is imposed,there are limits on the term of imprisonment not more than six mo
21、nths or less than three years.l译文：如对之做出徒刑判决，其刑期也有限制 或不超过六个月或少于三年。l模糊词对具体词lParty A is a company duly organized,validly existing and in good standing as a legal person under the laws of the PRC.l译文：甲方是依据中华人民共和国法律正式成立、有效存续和资格完备的法人公司。中翻英：体现专业性中翻英：体现专业性 l专业用语的使用l正式用语的使用 l同义词的选择 专业用语的使用专业用语的使用 l“不可抗力”翻译成“
22、force majeure”或“act of God”l“不动产转让”译成“conveyance”l“停业”是“wind up a business”或“cease a business”l“实际履行”为“specific performance”l“援引”是“invoke”正式用语的使用正式用语的使用l“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”，远远多于“due to”，一般不用“because of”；l“财政年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”；l“在之前”一般用“pri
23、or to”，而不用“before”；l“关于”常用“with regard to”,“concerning”或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；l“开始”用“commence”，而不用“start”或“begin”；l“停止做”用“cease to do”，而不用“stop to do”；l“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”,而不用“other matters/events”；l“理解合同”用“construe a contract”“comprehend a contract”，而不用“understand a contract”；l“认为”用“deem”,较少
24、使用“consider”,不用“think”或“believe”；l“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”,“wish to do”；l“鉴于”用“whereas”，而基本不用“given the fact that”；l“根据”用“pursuant to”或“in accordance with”,而不用“according to”。同义词的选择同义词的选择 lmortgage,hypothecate,pledge,lien,security lThe carrier shall have a lien on the goods
25、 for freight,dead freight,demurrage and any other amount payable by the cargo.l译文：承运人得因未付运费、空舱费、逾期费和其它一切有关货物的款额而对货物行使留置权。l他用房子作抵押向银行借款l译文：He raised a mortgage on a house from a bank.句的翻译句的翻译 l英翻中：注重可读性l中翻英：蕴含庄重性 英翻中：注重可读性英翻中：注重可读性 l增补和省略l语态调整l语序调整l长句拆分 增补和省略增补和省略 lCivil actions generally are brought
26、 for breach of a contract,or for a wrong or tort.l译文：一般来说，当事人都是因为对方违约、违法或侵权而对其提起民事诉讼的。l例2：The formation of this Contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the Peoples Republic of China(“PRC”),but in the event that
27、 there is no published and publicly available law in the PRC governing a particular matter relating to this Contract,reference shall be made to general international commercial practices.l译文：本合同的订立、效力、解释、执行及合同争议的解决，均受中华人民共和国（“中国”）法律管辖。中国颁布的法律对本合同相关的某一事项未作规定的，参照国际商业惯例。语态调整语态调整lCriminal law is enforce
28、d on behalf of the state.l译文：刑法由国家强制执行。lAfter Completion,the Vendor shall not in any way hold itself out or permit itself to be held out as being interested in,or in any way connected with,the Company.l译文：交易完成后，卖方不得自称，也不得允许他人宣称卖方在公司中拥有权益或与公司有任何关联。lCourts are discouraged from passing sentences of imp
29、risonment on offenders under 18 years of age.l译文：不鼓励法院对未满18岁的罪犯作出徒刑判决。语序调整语序调整 lSubject to the provision of Article 12，the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation，regardless of origin，which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relatio
30、ns among nations，including situations resulting from a violation of the provision of the present charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.l译文：大会对于其所认为足以妨害国际间公共福利或友好关系之任何情势，不论其起源如何，包括由违反本宪章所述联合国宗旨及原则之规定而起之情势，可以建议和平调整方法，但以不违背第十二条之规定为限。长句拆分长句拆分lAny income tax on income ea
31、rned by consultant within the PRC pursuant to this contract and subject to taxation according to the Income tax Law of the PRC Concerning Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises and other relevant laws and regulations shall paid by Consultant.l译文一：顾问就按本合同在中国境内赚取的所得并按中华人民共和国外商投资企业
32、和外国企业所得税法和其他有关的法律法规而被征收的任何所得税应由顾问支付。l译文二：顾问按本合同在中国境内赚取的所得，按中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法以及其他法律法规须纳税的，应由顾问缴纳所得税。中翻英：蕴含庄重性中翻英：蕴含庄重性l使用固定句式l使用插入结构l短语替代从句 使用固定句式使用固定句式l根据 under,in accordance with,subject to,pursuant to,as provided in l该报盘以贵公司的接受于十月十五日以前到达敝公司为准。l译文：The offer is subject to your acceptance reachi
33、ng us before October 15th.l根据行政程序法可得到司法复审。l译文：Judicial review is available pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act.l在不损害的情况下 without prejudice tol此类措施不得损害各成员在GATT1994项下的权利和义务。l译文：Such actions shall be without prejudice to the rights and obligations of Members under GATT 1994.l有权做 have the right
34、 to do,be entitled to,may do,be authorized to do,reserve the right to dol人民代表大会代表有权向国家机关提出质询。l译文：Deputies to the Peoples Congresses have the right to address inquiries to state organs.l妇女有权享有产假。l译文：Women are entitled to maternity leave.l有义务，有责任做 have the obligation to do,shall/will do,be obliged to,
35、under the obligations to do,shall be liable to do,shall be liable for l托运人应当如实填报托运单。l译文：SHIPPER shall truthfully fill in the goods consignment note.l银行在其营业时间外，无接受提交单据的义务。l译文：Banks are under no obligation to accept presentation of documents outside their banking hours.l运输公司将对损坏负责。l译文：The shipping com
36、pany will be liable for the damagel另有规定的除外/如无另行规定unless otherwise provided/stipulated/stated,except as otherwise providedl除本法另有规定外，香港特别行政区立法会对法案和议案的表决采取下列程序:l译文：Unless otherwise provided for in this Law,the Legislative Council shall adopt the following procedures for voting on bills and motions:l除另有
37、明确约定外，本协议和根据本协议进行的仲裁应适用中华人民共和国法律。l译文：Except as otherwise expressly provided,the law of the Peoples Republic of China shall apply to this Agreement and to the arbitration conducted under this Agreement.l的 whoever，anyone whol具有下列条件之一的，可以参加执业医师资格考试。l译文：Whoever meets one of the following requirements ma
38、y take the examinations for the qualifications of a licensed doctor.l具有高等学校医学专科或者中等专业学校医学专业学历，在执业医师指导下，在医疗、预防、保健机构中试用期满1年的，可以参加执业助理医师资格考试。l译文：Anyone who has reached the level of a graduate from the faculty of medicine of a university or a polytechnic school and，under the guidance of a licensed docto
39、r，worked on probation for at least one year in the medical treatment，disease-prevention or health care institution may take the examinations for the qualifications of an assistant doctor.l在前提下 provided that l在不会对调查的进行或执法构成不合理延迟或阻碍的前提下，你可与一名法律顾问通讯和商议。l译文：Provided that no unreasonable delay or hindran
40、ce is caused to the processes of investigation or the administration of justice you may communicate and consult with a legal adviser.l如果 if,in the event that,in case of,where,shouldl发生下列情况之一的，甲方得终止本契约。l译文：In the event the Employee is found to have violated any of the followings,the Employer may term
41、inate this contract.l延长工作时间在两小时以内者，按平日每小时工资加给三分之一。l译文：Where the overtime does not exceed 2 hours,the Employee shall be paid in addition to his regular hourly wage,an additional 1/3 of regular hourly rate.l如果这是份可转移的信用证并且需要我们的授权才会使之生效，请注意我们没有这样的义务。l译文：Should this be a transferable credit and should we
42、 be authorized to effect such transfer,please note that we are under no obligation to do so.l一就 upon sth.l领养令一经作出,有关幼年人的父母或监护人所具有的关于该幼年人日后的管养、赡养和教育方面的一切权利、职责、义务和法律责任均告终绝。l译文：Upon an adoption order being made,all rights,duties,obligations and liabilities of the parents or guardians of the infant in r
43、elation to the future custody,maintenance and education of the infant shall be extinguished.使用插入结构使用插入结构l申请人应自接到主管机关批准通知后30日内办理工商登记手续。l译文：Applicants within 30 days upon receipt of notice of approval from relevant competent authority,shall go through industrial and commercial registration.l如果当事人一方收到按
44、照第一款提出的建议后三十天内未能遴选独任仲裁员达成协议，则应由当事人所约定的指定机关指定独任仲裁员。l译文：If,within thirty days after receipt by a party of a proposal made in accordance with paragraph 1,the parties have not reached agreement on the choice of a sole arbitrator,the sole arbitrator shall be appointed by the appointing authority agreed u
45、pon by the parties.l要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。l译文：The offer may be withdrawn,if,before or at the same time when an offer arrives,the withdrawal notice reaches the offeree.短语替代从句短语替代从句l任何违反本款规定试图转让股份的行为均归于无效。l译文一：Any conduct which attempts to assign the shares and violates the provisio
46、ns of this Section shall be void.l译文二：Any attempted assignment of the shares in violation of the provisions of this Section shall be void.l合营企业如发生严重亏损、一方不履行合同和章程规定的义务、不可抗力等，经合营各方协商同意，报请审查批准机关批准、并向国家工商行政管理主管部门登记，可终止合同。l译文：In case of heavy losses,failure of a party to perform its obligations under the
47、 contract and the articles of association,or force majeure etc.,the parties to the joint venture may terminate the contract through their consultation and agreement,subject to approval by the examination and approval authorities and to registration with the states competent department in charge of i
48、ndustry and commerce administration.篇章的翻译篇章的翻译 l衔接 l代词的使用 l语言的时代性 翻译训练翻译训练l公司章程l合同和协议书l公证书公司章程公司章程llimited liability company 有限责任公司ljoint-stock limited company/Co.Ltd.股份有限公司lone-person limited liability company 一人公司lwholly state-owned company 国有独资公司lcommon stock/share 普通股lpreferential stock/share 优先
49、股lissue and transfer of shares 股份的发行和转让lcompany bonds 公司债券lshareholder 股东ldirector 董事lpresident/chairman of the board 董事长lgeneral manager 总经理lsupervisor 监事lboard of directors 董事会lgeneral meeting of shareholders 股东会合同和协议书合同和协议书 l合同vs.协议 l销售协议 l雇佣合同销售合同销售合同 ltitle or name and domicile of the parities（
50、当事人的名称或姓名和住址）lcontract object（标的）lquantity（数量）lquality（质量）lprice or remuneration（价款或者报酬）ltime limit，place and method of performance（履行期限、地点和方式）lliability for breach of contract（违约责任）lmethods to settle disputes（解决争议的方法）雇佣合同雇佣合同 lThe name,domicile and legal representative or main person in charge of t
