1、Zhencong LiuWeek 7 Literature ReviewDefinitionPurposesStructureStepsProblemsStrategies/GuidelinesA literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers.Describing the theoretical framework to a studySummarizing and critiquing previous research,
2、Adopting a stance，Using reporting and evaluative verbsThe literature review literature review accomplishes several purposes.It shares with the reader the results of It shares with the reader the results of other studies other studies that are closely that are closely relatedrelated to the one being
3、to the one being undertaken.undertaken.It relates a study to the larger,ongoing dialogue in It relates a study to the larger,ongoing dialogue in the the literature,filling in gaps and extending prior literature,filling in gaps and extending prior studiesstudies(Cooper,1984;Marshall&Rossman,2006).(Co
4、oper,1984;Marshall&Rossman,2006).“One important purpose of a literature review is to contextualize the students research.”“describe and synthesize the major studies related to the topic of the research”“demonstrate the relationship between the students project and what else has been done in the part
5、icular area”“an extensive review of previous research,right up to their date of examination.”(Paltridage&Starfield,2007:99)DefinitionsTheoretical FrameworkResearch QuestionsResearch Streams 1Most Related StudiesStudy 1SummaryCommentsResearch GapsResearch Streams 2Research Streams 3Research Streams 4
6、Study 2SummaryCommentsStudy 3SummaryCommentsResearch PurposeResearch SignificanceResearch Methods1.Information seeking:the ability to scan the literature efficiently,using manual or computerized methods,to identify a set of useful articles and books.2.Critical appraisal:the ability to apply principl
7、es of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.l1.being organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developingl2.synthesizing results into a summary of what is and is not knownl3.identifying areas of controversy in the literaturel4.formulating questions th
8、at need further research Background to the study:a state-of-the-art review of the field of study,including current developments,controversies and breakthroughs,previous research and relevant background theory;Focus of the study:what is being researched and why;Data used in the study:justification fo
9、r the choice of data;Contribution of the study:importance of the project for the field of study.Bad PracticeBad Practice:A literature review is a piece ofdiscursive prose,not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another.Its usually a bad sign to see every paragraph beginnin
10、g with the name of a researcher.SolutionSolution:Instead,organize the literature review into sections that present themes or identify trends,including relevant theory.You are not trying to list all the material published,but to synthesize and evaluate it according to the guiding concept of your thes
11、is or research question.1.Integrative Reviews:The researchers summarize broad themes in the literature,according to the various topics and sub-topics that are central to the study.(Kirillova et al.2014)2.Theoretical Reviews:The researcher focuses on extant theory that relates to the problem under st
12、udy.(Tyler and Evans 2001)3.Methodological Reviews:The researcher focuses on methods and definitions,providing both a summary of studies and a critique of the strengths and weaknesses of the methods sections.)4.Question-oriented Reviews:according to the various questions to be asked.5.Variable-orien
13、ted Reviews:according to the variable in the study,especially true for correlation studies.6.Chronological Reviews:from the oldest to more current research.7.Opinion-oriented Reviews:according to different points of view.TraditionalSystematicMeta-analysisidentify the research problemhow the research
14、 relates to their own researchlook for the argument in the report that explains why it was important to conduct the researchlook for summaries of other research on their topicread,to learn about research design,data collection and analysis procedures,the key findings of a research studyidentity the
15、relationship between these findings and other research on the topichow these findings relate to previous research on the topic,good for the Discussion section1.Central reporting:an author is directly reported as being responsible for a particular finding or argument and placed in subject position in
16、 the sentence,e.g.Swales(1990)reports“Burke(1986)discovered that many students would like to become integrated into Australian society.”2.Non-central reporting:an author is reported as being responsible for a particular finding or argument but with their name being given less focus by being placed i
17、n brackets at the end of the relevant statement,e.g.(Swales 1990)“It has been shown that students have often performed successfully in their own education system before they seek entry to the particular university(Ballard 1991).”3.Non-reporting:the results of a piece of research are presented with l
18、ess focus being given to the author or the actual study and no“reporting verbs”such as“claim”or“shown”are used,e.g.(van Dijk,2001)“Instead of motivation producing achievement,it may be that achievement produces motivation(Spolsky 1989).”A good paraphrase“is significantly different from the wording o
19、f the original,without altering the meaning at all”.(Bailey,2003:21)1.Changing the word2.Changing the word class3.Changing the word order1.Identify key words.2.Search the library for holdings(i.e.,journals and books),e.g.ERIC,PsycINFO,Sociofile,the Social Science Citation Index,Google Scholar,ProQue
20、st,CD-ROM.3.Locate about 80/300 reports of research in articles or books related to research on your topic.4.Skim whether the article or chapter will make a useful contribution to your understanding of the literature.5.Designing a literature map.literature map.6.Draft summaries of the most relevant
21、articles.7.Assemble the literature review,structuring it thematically or organizing it by important concepts.End the literature review with a summary of the major themes and suggest how your particular study further adds to the literature.Purpose:learners test taking performance under genuine test c
22、onditions.Problem:neither feasible nor desirable to collect data during task performanceResearch design:The subjects read a passage in the target language,and then completed a multiple choice test.The researcher then interviewed the students,and encouraged them to think about and report to her the r
23、easons why they have given particular responses.Findings:Multiple choice tests do not always accurately reflect the language processing abilities of the test-takers.Burkes(1986)survey of the experiences of overseas undergraduate students carried out at The University of New South Wales discovered th
24、at the most common difficulty identified by these students was an inability to speak out in classroom discussions.For a quantitative study or the quantitative strand of a mixed methods study,it is advisable to write a review of the literature that contains sections about the literature related to ma
25、jor independent variables,major dependent variables,and studies that relate the independent and dependent variables.point out,argue,claim,state,doubt,Propose,observe,identify,report,agree(with),Add,describe,say,explain,present,Indicate,assert,believe,question,dispute,Maintain,support,think,challenge
26、,dismiss,recommend,say,urge,suggest,disagree(with)Claim,assert,affirmKirillova,K.et al.2014.What makes a destination beautiful?Dimensions of tourist aesthetic judgment,Tourism Management,42,282-293.Riniolo,T.C.,Johnson,K.C.,Sherman,T.R.,&Misso,J.A.2006.Hot or not:Do professors perceived as physicall
27、y attractive receive higher student evaluations?Journal of General Psychology,133,19-35.1.Literature MapLiterature Map:Develop a literature map of the literature on your topic.Include in the map the proposed study and draw lines from the proposed study to other categories of studies so that a reader
28、 can easily see how yours will extend existing literature.2.WritingWriting Literature ReviewLiterature Review:Suppose you have finished writing your introduction part of your paper and enter the stage of literature review.Please write the Literature Review section of your own paper in a clear manner
29、.3.Literature Review EvaluationLiterature Review Evaluation:Please exchange your Literature Review section with Three of your classmates and comment on their writing against the criteria for a good Literature Review section.Creswell,John W.2009.Research Design:Qualitative,Quantitative,and Mixed Meth
30、ods Approaches,2nd ed.Thousand Oaks,Calif.:Sage Publications,Chapter 2,pp.27-48.(literature review,also use of theory in Chapter 7)Jesson,J.K.,Matheson,L.,and Lacey,F.M.Doing Your Literature Review:traditional and systematic techniques.London:SAGE Publications Ltd.,Chapter 7,pp.103-127.(literature r
31、eview)Roscoe,T.Writing Reviews for Systems Conferences,http:/people.inf.ethz.ch/troscoe/pubs/review-writing.pdf Taylor,Dena.The Literature Review:A Few Tips On Conducting It,Health Sciences Writing Centre,University of Toronto.Ridley,D.(2012).The literature review:A step-by-step guide for students(2nd edn).London:Sage.Machi,L.A.，McEvoy,B.T.(2012).The literature review:Six steps to success(2nd edn).Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.
