1、1.Eliminate 消除消除Hierarchy of Controls hazard 风险控制层次Eliminate of Hazards 消除风险消除风险Passive Controls 主动控制主动控制Active Controls 被动控制被动控制3.Engineering Controls工程学控制工程学控制(Isolation 隔离隔离)4.Administrative Controls 管理控制管理控制2.Substitution 替代替代5.PPE 个人防护装备个人防护装备Two Types of Fall Protection 两种坠落保护Passive Systems t
2、hat are built in the facility,such as guardrails,stairs,access platforms,ramps,etc.Active Systems can either be fall restraint or fall arrest systems.They are required when Passive Systems are not sufficient or not availableGL Standard Requirements Fall Arrest SystemsFall-arrest systems are designed
3、 to support and hold a person in the event of a fall 防坠系统是一种设计用来保护或者承载作业者跌落的系统 They are not designed to support a person while working它不是用来做为人高空作业过程中的支撑。All personnel using fall protection equipment must receive appropriate and document training in the use,inspection and maintenance of such equipmen
4、t 所有使用坠落保护装备的人员必须接受关于使用，检查和维护相关设备的适当的培训。Anchorage Points 锚点Selection of the type and location will depend on the nature and location of the task and the type of construction of the building or supporting structureAnchorage points for fall protection devices must,where practical,be above the head of
5、the worker,and must ensure that in the event of a fall the worker will neither swing nor touch the groundWhat Happens in a FallBefore the fall-arrest system starts to work,the person accelerates in a free-fall在坠落制动系统开始工作之前，人员有一个自由落体的加速下落过程。It requires the deceleration distance to bring this person t
6、o a full stop 要求在整个减速距离内使人员停止下落The fall-arrest force stops the fall and impacts the body through the straps and harness 使坠落停止的制动力量，将会通过安全绳和安全带作用在人体上。A breaking system absorbs the fall-arrest force 再由减震系统来吸收坠落制动的力量A free-fall must never be more than 1.2 m(4 feet)整个整个自由落体的距离不能超过自由落体的距离不能超过1.2米米 (818 K
7、g)（高挂低用）（高挂低用）坠落保护系统的组成Full body harness equipped with an appropriate fall arrest ring装备有适当的坠落制动环的全身式安全带Shock absorbing lanyard or self-retracting device equipped with a load arrestor安全绳和装备有负载制动的速降自锁设备Locking hooks and attachments 锁扣和附件Proper anchor point 恰当的锚点Rescue plan 营救计划全面的附落防护系统 （高挂低用）1.安全带 H
8、arnesses 2.安全绳 Lanyards 3.锚点接件 Anchorage Connectors123禁止将限位绳用于坠落制动正确穿着全身式安全带 胸带的位置不可过高或过低（可放进去一个拳头）背部D环必须位于两肩胛骨的中间腿带必须要调节，调节到使用者的手不能完全地放进去抬起臀部像是坐在上面Safety Belts ARE NOT Fall Protection Devices限位绳和腰带不是坠落保护设备 坠落过程中产生的力量能:伤害工人的脊骨 使体内器官破裂 增加悬挂过程中死亡的风险 增加脱落出安全带的风险 Fall Protection System减震包要接近人体Shock-Abso
9、rbing Lanyard吸震绳 吸震绳和金属部件直接缝合在一起 坠落发生时，吸震包的缝合线将会打开，打开的吸震包将会吸收绝大多数的冲力 多数吸震绳打开后，长度有1.2 m 在吸震包打开之前，自由下落的距离不能超过1.2米，否则作用在人体的力量将会超过4千牛（高挂低用）（高挂低用）100%Tie-Off Shock-Absorbing Lanyard Enables a worker to tie off to an second anchor point before disconnecting from the first one可使工人始终有一个锚点相连。Clip to D Ring o
10、n workers body harness与工人安全带上的D环相连 Note:we must never tie a big clip to the back D ring注意：不可将大钩与背后D环相连Self-Retracting Lifelines with Load Arrestors 类似于汽车座位上的安全带 不能和吸震绳同时使用！不能和吸震绳同时使用！一般会在15-60cm的距离内停止坠落，吸收的能量可达到4千牛 必须安装在高于工人的位置，否则坠落距离会过长并且工人会发生钟摆式的坠落或者有可能直接接触到地面！Hooks and ClipsMust automatically loc
11、k and must be checked to ensure it IS lockedTwo clips must never be attached together,the force could break their mechanism禁止两个锁扣相连在一起，它们的机械部分将会被破坏。The clips of a locking type must always be clipped to a larger ring such as the back D ring必须始终与更大的环相连,如:背后D形环HooksClipsWinch on a Tripod A winch must b
12、e equipped with a fall arrest.In case of a fall,a colored device(that resembles a ring and is also called a flag)will be visible near the attachment clip The winch must then be sent back to the manufacturer and all other equipment must be destroyed or recertified Winches and self-retracting devices
13、must be certified every yearRing or colored flagOther Connecting/Anchor DevicesI-Beam Connectors/Anchor Points Never tie off the lanyard on a beam,never make a knot in it,use a connectorProtect your lanyard with a padded pass thru connectorIf you must move with the self-retracting device,you can att
14、ach it to a sliding beam anchor垂直生命线和水平生命线Proper Anchorage Point Placement Must be directly above the worker and high enough Otherwise a pendulum effect Or an“ouch”effect适当的锚点 Never lower than the D clip and always above the person.The higher the better锚点不能低于D环并始终在人体之上方，越高越好！To illustrate,we will ca
15、lculate the fall distance required if a person measuring 1.5 m(5 ft),using a shock absorbing lanyard of 1.2 m(4 ft),had an anchor point at his feet.It would require a total fall distance of 4.8 m(16 ft):Height of a person 1.5 m(5 ft)Length of the lanyard 1.2 m(4 ft)Stretching of the harness and D ri
16、ng.3 m(1 ft)Stretching of the shock absorber 1.2 m(4 ft)Safety factor of.6 m(2 ft)H:背部背部D型环到工作面距离型环到工作面距离L:系绳长度系绳长度Y:锚点到工作面距离锚点到工作面距离X:工作平台到地面距离工作平台到地面距离DD:吸震包打开距离吸震包打开距离 计算公式：计算公式：H+L+DDX+Y 根据根据ANSI规定，规定，L=1.8m，DD=1.1m设人的身高设人的身高1.8m，则则 1.8m+1.8m+1.1m4.7m对于一个身高对于一个身高1.8m、体重在安全带使用、体重在安全带使用标准范围内的人员，只要
17、锚点离地面大标准范围内的人员，只要锚点离地面大于于4.7m，则可以确保安全，则可以确保安全 YHXLDD坠落距离计算YHXLDD坠落距离计算作业平台到地面距离X身高H锚点到作业平台最少距离Y2m1.6m2.5m1.7m2.6m1.8m2.7m3m1.6m1.5m1.7m1.6m1.8m1.7m4m1.6m0.5m1.7m0.6m1.8m0.7mProper Anchor PointsMust be engineered to resist a dynamic force of 22.2 kilo Newtons or 5000 pounds Ask yourself the question:
18、would you use this anchor point to lift your pick up truck?If the answer is no,dont use it for yourselfGL Standard Requirements Fall Arrest Systems Anchorage Points(2)There must be a system for ensuring that anchorage points are tested in accordance with a recognised standard and/or approved by a co
19、mpetent person to ensure that they are secure and can take the required load For example US OSHA 29 CFR Part 1926.502 requires a minimum 22.2 kN(5000 pounds)static(tensile)force.All US operations must comply with this requirement AS/NZS 1891.4:2000 requires a minimum of 15 kN(3372 pounds)for a singl
20、e point one-person anchorage Where no local standard exists for testing,the operations must comply with the AS/NZ standardTransitioning Between Anchor Points Where the risk of falling is high when detaching from one anchor point and reattaching to another,a second lanyard should be used Liberal use
21、of two lanyards is not recommended because risk of falling is increased:When two lanyards are attached,body movement is limited When one is attached and one is not,entangling can occurGL Standard Requirements Fall Arrest Systems There must be a system for ensuring that Fall Protection equipment is:T
22、ested and certified for use by a competent person,every two years or more frequently where required by local legislation,andInspected by the user before use,andInspected,tested and recertified for use by a competent person following a fall,andRepaired or destroyed where inspection has shown evidence
23、 of excessive wear or mechanical malfunction Examples of PPE FailuresHeat damageExamples of PPE FailuresHardened surface due to exposure to paintDamage due to heat inside fiber exposedGL Standard Requirements Fall Arrest SystemsThere must be a system for preparing and testing emergency rescue proced
24、ures for fall victimsIn addition to the injury,shock,pain and possibly stress on the body from a fall,persons using personal fall protection equipment in certain circumstances can also suffer suspension trauma(called orthostatic syndrome in the medical field)and it has potentially fatal consequences
25、An important part of the suspension phase after a fall using personal fall protection equipment is rescue and the treatment of the casualty during and after rescueRescue Plan We must be able to rescue within 20 minutes,must have a rescue person immediately available The lack of circulation in the le
26、gs can cause suspension trauma which can lead to a cardiac arrest If the person is conscious have him/her reposition their legs by lifting them,trying to sit in the harness,or pushing the feet against a wall or to support their legs by bringing something underneath them so that they can rest When th
27、e worker is rescued he/she must be installed in a sitting position to prevent the blood from rushing too quickly to the heartGL Standard Requirements Fall Arrest Systems NOTES:This Standard prohibits the use of body belts(safety belts)for fall arrest purposes Fall-arrest system should always be used
28、 as a last resort.These systems require a high level of training to both set-up and use.They should only be used if personnel have been fully trained and emergency rescue procedures are in place自我救援自救踏步带-减少血液不循环造成的问题,延长救援时间GL Standard Requirements Fall Arrest Systems Some common hazards associated w
29、ith the use of Fall-Arrest Systems include:Persons not tying off Persons not tying off correctly Persons tying off to an anchorage point or structure that cannot meet the minimum 15kN(3372 pounds)tensile force requirement Persons not tying off overhead and swinging into an object during a fall Not w
30、earing the harness correctly and slipping through Hanging in a harness and suffering suspension traumaSpecific Site-Wide Risk Assessment Requirements Overhead Power Lines The presence of overhead power cables presents a risk of electrocution:from touching the power cables by working too close to hig
31、h voltage cables for unqualified electrical persons the clearances are:For 230 kV cables,the recommended minimum safe clearance is 4 meters(13 ft)For 50kV cables the minimum safe clearance is 3 meters(10 feet)Work on Top of Trucks&Near Power Lines Prior to working on top of a tank truck the area sho
32、uld be checked to ensure there are no overhead power lines in the vicinity For 230 kV cables,a minimum of 4 meters(13 ft)safe distance must be maintained between the person and the overhead power lines at all times.For 50 kV cables,a distance of 3 meters(10 ft)Work on Bulk Storage Tanks Ensure the t
33、ank roof is structurally sound and can be safely walked on If the roof is not fitted with guardrails wear suitable fall protection Where designated walkways are indicated,only walk on the designated walkway areas(designated walkways on tank roofs should be demarcated with non-slip paint)Minimize the time required to work on the roof by pre-planning tasks before accessing the roof Always hold the handrail when climbing and ascending the tank stairs
