1、1名校通 初中英语语法复习 执教老师执教老师:樊老师樊老师2011 年年 05月月13 日日12 实词：名词，代词，数次，动词，形容词，实词：名词，代词，数次，动词，形容词，副词副词 虚词：冠词虚词：冠词 介词介词 连词连词 感叹词感叹词 兼词：兼词：work名词名词/动词动词 I like this work I work everyday3 熟记已学过的名词；熟记已学过的名词；掌握常用名词的数的变化；掌握常用名词的数的变化；掌握名词所有格的构成及其变化；掌握名词所有格的构成及其变化；掌握可数名词与不可数名词的区别及用法。掌握可数名词与不可数名词的区别及用法。41.掌握名词的概念、分类，名词
2、可分为：普通名掌握名词的概念、分类，名词可分为：普通名词和专有名词；词和专有名词；2.掌握名词复数的构成、用法；名词所有格的构掌握名词复数的构成、用法；名词所有格的构成方法及用法；成方法及用法；3.理解名词在句中的功能，掌握名词作主语、表理解名词在句中的功能，掌握名词作主语、表语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法；用法；4.能够辨析部分名词的用法区别，并熟练运用，能够辨析部分名词的用法区别，并熟练运用，如：如：family,home,house;work,job等等 5一、名词一、名词 1、名词种类、名词种类 2、名词的数、名词的数 3、名词的主
3、谓一致、名词的主谓一致6名词概念名词概念7 英语名词可以分为两大类：普通名词英语名词可以分为两大类：普通名词和专有名词。学习英语名词，通常要和专有名词。学习英语名词，通常要掌握掌握名词的数（单数、复数）名词的数（单数、复数）、格格（主要是所有格）、主谓一致（主要是所有格）、主谓一致等几个等几个语法概念。语法概念。1.普通名词普通名词 普通名词根据其意义又可以分为四种：普通名词根据其意义又可以分为四种：个体名词个体名词、集体名词集体名词、物质名词物质名词和和抽抽象名词象名词。8(1)个体名词个体名词 个体名词可以指具体的人或物，也可以指一类人或个体名词可以指具体的人或物，也可以指一类人或物。例如
4、：物。例如：desk 课桌，课桌，book 书，书，student 学生，学生，bird 鸟，鸟，house 房子。个体名词有房子。个体名词有单数单数和和复数复数之分。之分。我们在使用个体名词时，不能我们在使用个体名词时，不能“拿来就用拿来就用”，而应，而应当考虑到与限定其词义的当考虑到与限定其词义的各种限定词各种限定词连用。例如：连用。例如：Have you found the your child?你找到你的孩子了吗？你找到你的孩子了吗？There are many some/about ten/no birds in the tree.树上有许多有一些树上有许多有一些/有大约有大约10只
5、只/没有鸟。没有鸟。9(2)集体名词集体名词 集体名词是指由个体组成的集合体，使用时集体名词是指由个体组成的集合体，使用时视为视为复数名词复数名词。family 家庭，家庭，team 团队，团队，police 警方，警方，people 人民，人民，class班级。例班级。例如：如：There are a lot of people on the playground.操场上有许多人。操场上有许多人。The police have caught the head of the gang.警察抓住了团伙的头目。警察抓住了团伙的头目。10 有时，一个名词可以用作有时，一个名词可以用作个体名词个体名词
6、，也可用作，也可用作集集体名词体名词，视具体情况而定。例如：，视具体情况而定。例如：His family is not poor any more.他家再也不穷了。他家再也不穷了。I hope your family are quite well.我希望你的家人身体都很好。我希望你的家人身体都很好。Were there many people at the meeting?有许多人参加了会议吗？有许多人参加了会议吗？The Chinese are a hard-working people.中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。11(3)物质名词物质名词 物质名词是指那些物质名词
7、是指那些不能分成个体的物质不能分成个体的物质，例，例如：如：water 水，水，bread 面包，面包，metal 金属，金属，cotton 棉花，棉花，silk(蚕蚕)丝，丝，rain 雨，雨，air 空气。空气。使用物质名词，使用物质名词，不不可以和可以和数词、不定冠词等数词、不定冠词等表示可数概念表示可数概念的限定词连用，也的限定词连用，也不不可能有可能有复复数形式数形式。例如：。例如：我们我们不能不能说：说：There is a bread are two breads on the plate.我们我们只能只能说：说：There is some a little/two pieces
8、 of bread on the plate.12 如果要给物质名词计数，就要使用如果要给物质名词计数，就要使用量词量词。例如：例如：a piece of bread 一块面包一块面包 two bottles of orange 两瓶橘子汁两瓶橘子汁 three bags of rice 三袋大米三袋大米13 有些物质名词也有些物质名词也可用作个体名词可用作个体名词，这时，这时，可以用可以用不定冠词不定冠词，也可以用，也可以用复数复数形式。请形式。请比较：比较：Paper is made of wood.纸是用木材做的。纸是用木材做的。（物质名词）（物质名词）Have you read tod
9、ays paper?今天的报纸你看了吗？今天的报纸你看了吗？（个体名词）（个体名词）14(4)抽象名词抽象名词 抽象名词是指那些抽象名词是指那些抽象概念的名称抽象概念的名称，例如：，例如：work 工作，工作，pleasure 乐趣，乐趣，feeling 感觉，感觉，health 健康，健康，duty 责任，责任，weather 天气。天气。一般情况下，抽象名词一般情况下，抽象名词不能不能和和数词数词、不定不定冠词冠词等表示等表示可数概念的限定词连用可数概念的限定词连用，也不，也不可能有可能有复数形式复数形式。例如：。例如：We had great fun playing with our g
10、ood friends.我们和好朋友在一起玩，很开心。我们和好朋友在一起玩，很开心。（不能说：不能说：a great fun）What is the weather like in your country?你们国家的天气怎样？你们国家的天气怎样？15 有时，抽象名词如果有时，抽象名词如果被一个形容词修饰，就具有被一个形容词修饰，就具有了特定的性质了特定的性质，这时，可以用，这时，可以用不定冠词不定冠词来限定其来限定其意义。例如：意义。例如：There was a heavy rain last night.昨天夜里下了一场大雨。昨天夜里下了一场大雨。有些抽象名词也有些抽象名词也可用作个体名词
11、可用作个体名词，这时，可以用，这时，可以用不定冠词不定冠词，也可以用，也可以用复数形式复数形式。请比较：。请比较：The invention of the telephone took a long time.电话的发明花费了很长时间。（抽象名词）电话的发明花费了很长时间。（抽象名词）The telephone is a wonderful invention.电话是一项奇妙的发明。（个体名词）电话是一项奇妙的发明。（个体名词）16 专有名词是指专有名词是指人名人名、地名地名、团体团体、机构机构等的等的名称，名称，月份月份、星期星期、节日节日等名称也是专有名等名称也是专有名词。专有名词的词。专
12、有名词的开头字母要大写开头字母要大写。例如：。例如：人名人名：John,Green,Mr.Wang等。等。民族名民族名：Chinese,English,French,Australian等。等。团体、机构名称团体、机构名称：the United Nations 联联合国，合国，UNESCO联合国教科文组织，联合国教科文组织，WTO 世界贸易组织，等。世界贸易组织，等。17 地名地名：Beijing,London,China,England,Yellow River,Wall Street等。等。月份、星期、节日名称月份、星期、节日名称：January,Saturday,Christmas Da
13、y,Spring Festival等。等。对家人的称呼对家人的称呼：Dad,Mom/Mum,Auntie,Granny,Uncle John等。等。18192021找规律找规律tomatoespotatoesheroes22radiosphotos找规律找规律zoospianos23 注注:belief-beliefs（信心）（信心）,roof-roofs（屋顶）（屋顶）,safe-safes（保险箱）（保险箱）,gulf-gulfs（海湾）则直接加（海湾）则直接加s2425不规则变化不规则变化child-childrenwoman-womendeersheepman-men26272829
14、30名称名称 总称总称(谓语用复数谓语用复数)一个人（单）一个人（单）两个人（复）两个人（复）中国人中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Gr
15、eeks 法国人法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人英国人 the English an Englishm
16、an two Englishmen 瑞典人瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes3132 *Some bread is over there.*No news is good news.how much much a little little a lot of some any *They had much money.*He does little housework at home.3334(5)可数名词和不可数名词可数名词和不可数名词 英语名词有可数与不可数之分，可数名词英语名词有可数与不可数之分，可数名词通常是通常是个体名词个体名词和和集体名词集体名词，
17、可以计数，可以计数，例如：例如：tree trees,child children,family families,class classes。不可数名词通常是不可数名词通常是物质名词物质名词和和抽象名词抽象名词，water,paper,work,health。35 a wind a rain a tea a beer a glass36物质名词转化为可数名词物质名词转化为可数名词 rains woods winds times waters sands seas glasses37抽象名词转化为可数名词抽象名词转化为可数名词 beauty danger success surprise wo
18、rry381、给名词分分类、给名词分分类A专有名词专有名词China Beijing(国家名国家名地名，人名等地名，人名等)B普普通通名名词词可数名可数名词词个体名词个体名词集合名词集合名词 child manager grade family class people（民族）（民族）不可数不可数名词名词物质名词物质名词抽象名词抽象名词Milk water(液态一般液态一般不可数不可数),oil,news,information.hate(仇恨仇恨)peace(和平和平)39专有名词专有名词（Proper Nouns）和和普通名词普通名词(Common Nouns）专有名词专有名词是某个（些）
19、人，地方，机构等专有的名称，是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如如Beijing，China等。等。普通名词普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：如：book，sadness等。等。40 1）个体名词个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某）：表示某类人或东西中的类人或东西中的 个体，如：个体，如：apple。2）集体名词集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：个个体组成的集合体，如：family。3）物质名词物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法）：表示无法分为个
20、体的实物，如：分为个体的实物，如：milk。4）抽象名词抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、）：表示动作、状态、品质、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：感情等抽象概念，如：work。41 1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_.Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.There are three in my family.(2004长春）长春）A.people B.person C.child 3.Most students can go to college
21、for further in our city.A.education B.information C.science 4.Please give me _ paper.A.one B.a pieces C.a pieceD.a piece of 5.This table is made of_.A.many glass B.some glasses C.glasses D.glass 42 1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_.Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.The
22、re are three in my family.(2004长春）长春）A.people B.person C.child 3.Most students can go to college for further in our city.A.education B.information C.science 4.Please give me _ paper.A.one B.a pieces C.a pieceD.a piece of 5.This table is made of_.A.many glass B.some glasses C.glasses D.glass C A A D
23、D436.Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A.Germans B.Germen C.Germany D.Germanies 7.In the picture there are many_ and two_.A.sheeps;foxes B.sheeps;foxes C.sheep;foxes D.sheep;foxs 8.They write most of their_ in English.A.business letter B.business letters C.businesses D.businesses letter
24、s 9._are_for cutting things.A.Knife,used B.Knives,using C.Knife,using D.Knives,used 10.John bought_for himself yesterday.A.two pairs of shoes B.two pair of shoe C.two pair of shoes D.two pairs shoes446.Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A.Germans B.Germen C.Germany D.Germanies 7.In the p
25、icture there are many_ and two_.A.sheeps;foxes B.sheeps;foxes C.sheep;foxes D.sheep;foxs 8.They write most of their_ in English.A.business letter B.business letters C.businesses D.businesses letters 9._are_for cutting things.A.Knife,used B.Knives,using C.Knife,using D.Knives,used 10.John bought_for
26、himself yesterday.A.two pairs of shoes B.two pair of shoe C.two pair of shoes D.two pairs shoesDBACA45根据所给单词的正确形式填空：根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the .(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of .(glass)5.Please give them their .(p
27、hoto)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.Jim has some .(knife)12.How much are these?(vegetable)46根据所给单词的正确形式填空：根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.
28、(idea)2.I often go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the .(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of .(glass)5.Please give them their .(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)8.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!(people)10.Look!The are singing.(wom
29、an)11.Jim has some .(knife)12.How much are these?(vegetable)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonthstomatoespeoplewomenknivesvegetables471.The rich_not always happy.A.are B.is C.have D.has2.In Britain,_are all painted red.A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box3.There are four_and t
30、wo_in the group.A.Japanese，Germen B.Japaneses，Germen C.Japanese，GermanD.Japanese，Germans4.She was born in Wuhan,but Beijing has become her second_.A.home B.family C.house D.country 5.Mother brought me_.A.a good news B.a piece of news C.many good news D.two news 481.The rich_not always happy.A.are B.
31、is C.have D.has2.In Britain,_are all painted red.A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box3.There are four_and two_in the group.A.Japanese，Germen B.Japaneses，Germen C.Japanese，GermanD.Japanese，Germans4.She was born in Wuhan,but Beijing has become her second_.A.home B.family C.house D
32、.country 5.Mother brought me_.A.a good news B.a piece of news C.many good news D.two news AADAB496.We can do the work better with_money and _ people.A.less,fewer B.fewer,less C.little,little D.few,few7.Beijing is one of the most beautiful_in China.A.city B.cities C.citys D.the cities8.Would you like
33、_?A.some more meat B.any more meat C.many more meat D.more much meat 课时训练课时训练506.We can do the work better with_money and _ people.A.less,fewer B.fewer,less C.little,little D.few,few7.Beijing is one of the most beautiful_in China.A.city B.cities C.citys D.the cities8.Would you like_?A.some more meat
34、 B.any more meat C.many more meat D.more much meat 课时训练课时训练ABA519.What can I do for you,sir?Id like two_.A.bottle of milk B.bottles of milks C.bottles of milk D.bottle of milks10.“Nightingal Prize”is for_.A.workers B.scientists C.doctors D.nurse529.What can I do for you,sir?Id like two_.A.bottle of
35、milk B.bottles of milks C.bottles of milk D.bottle of milks10.“Nightingal Prize”is for_.A.workers B.scientists C.doctors D.nurseCD53名词的主谓一致名词的主谓一致谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致 Tom and Tim are right.Three apples are on the desk.David is going to do some exercisers54考点归纳考点归纳 1、主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词、主
36、语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式用单数形式 如：如：The computer was a great invention.The water in the glass is very cold.2、集体名词、集体名词(如如family,class,team,group,row,police,school等等)做句子主语时做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式则谓语用单数形式,如：如：Class Three is a very good class.如果表示其中的所有成员时如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式则谓语用复数形式,如：如：Class
37、Three have a map of China.55 4、maths,news等虽然有等虽然有s结尾结尾,但不是复数但不是复数,因因此谓语仍用单数：此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等等名词往往用复数形式名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.56 6、用、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。谓语一般用复数。如：如：Both y
38、ou and I are required to be here tomorrow.57 7、eitheror或者或者 neithernor连接连接两个人物做句子主语时两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。谓语采用就近原则。如：如：Either you or he is right.Neither you nor I am going there.58名词在句中可以做名词在句中可以做主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语，同位语和呼语语，定语，状语，同位语和呼语等如：等如：Yesterday a boy came to see you.(主语主语)Edison w
39、as a world-famous inventor.(表语表语)Would you like some bananas?(宾语宾语)We chose him monitor of our class.（宾语补足语）（宾语补足语）They will meet at the school gate.(定语定语)The new film will last two hours.(状语状语)Mr Smith,my first teacher,died yesterday.(同位语同位语)Boys and girls,please look at the blackboard.(呼语呼语)591.名词
40、作定语一般用名词作定语一般用单数单数。但以下名词。但以下名词woman,man作定语且作定语且修饰复数名词时，作定语的名词也用修饰复数名词时，作定语的名词也用复数复数。2.“名词作定语名词作定语”与与“名词所有格作定语名词所有格作定语”名词可以位于另外一名词前作定语。名词可以位于另外一名词前作定语。名词作定语在逻辑上表示名词作定语在逻辑上表示中心词的用途（职能）、材料、来源（地点）、时间，中心词的用途（职能）、材料、来源（地点）、时间，还可以与还可以与中心词构成主语中心词构成主语补语、整体补语、整体部分、宾语部分、宾语动作者等关系。动作者等关系。a shoe shop鞋店，鞋店，a stone
41、 wall石墙，石墙，a mountain plant高山植物，高山植物，August weather八月的天气，八月的天气，a girl friend女朋友，女朋友，60a street sweeper扫路机，扫路机，telephone number电话号码，电话号码，evening dress晚礼服晚礼服,coffee cup咖啡杯，咖啡杯，boy students男学生，男学生，girl player女选手；女选手；men teachers男老师，男老师，women doctors女医女医生等。生等。名词所有格是表示一种名词所有格是表示一种所有关系所有关系。一般来说只有下列名词才有。一般
42、来说只有下列名词才有所有格形式：所有格形式：有生命的名词、集体名词、度量（重量、价格、距有生命的名词、集体名词、度量（重量、价格、距离、长度、时间等）名词以及国家、城市、地区等名词后可加离、长度、时间等）名词以及国家、城市、地区等名词后可加s构成所有格。构成所有格。例如例如:ten minutes walk 10分钟的路程，分钟的路程，todays newspaper今天的报纸，今天的报纸，Beijings street北京的街道，北京的街道，Toms home汤姆的家等。汤姆的家等。611._ turn green in spring.A.Leaf B.Leafs C.Leave D.Lea
43、ves2.He dropped the _ and broke it.A.cup of coffee B.coffees cup C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup3.I need _ cloth,for Im going to make _ clothes.A.a lot of;many B.much;much C.many;many D.many;a lot621._ turn green in spring.A.Leaf B.Leafs C.Leave D.Leaves2.He dropped the _ and broke it.A.cup of coffee
44、B.coffees cup C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup3.I need _ cloth,for Im going to make _ clothes.A.a lot of;many B.much;much C.many;many D.many;a lot634.He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works5.Many countries are increasing their use of n
45、atural gas,wind and other forms of _.A.energy B.source C.power D.material 6.Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London.A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness644.He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works5.Many count
46、ries are increasing their use of natural gas,wind and other forms of _.A.energy B.source C.power D.material 6.Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London.A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness657.-Who did you spend last weekend with?-_.A.Palmers B.The Palmers C.The Palmers D.The P
47、almers8.My parents always let me have my own _ of living.A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion9.The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n)_ of courage and power.A.example B.sign C.mark D.symbol 667.-Who did you spend last weekend with?-_.A.Palmers B.The Palmers C.The Palmers D.The Palme
48、rs8.My parents always let me have my own _ of living.A.way B.method C.manner D.fashion9.The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n)_ of courage and power.A.example B.sign C.mark D.symbol 6710.We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake.A.victims B.folks C.fellows
49、D.villagers11.If you dont take away all your things from the desk,there wont be enough _ for my stationery.A.area B.place C.room D.surface12.It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _.A.rewards B.prizes C.awards D.results6810.We volunteered to collect m
50、oney to help the _ of the earthquake.A.victims B.folks C.fellows D.villagers11.If you dont take away all your things from the desk,there wont be enough _ for my stationery.A.area B.place C.room D.surface12.It is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _.A.re
