1、 生物医学英文文献阅读策略与方法生物医学英文文献阅读策略与方法 提纲提纲 一一.查阅和积累文献资料的意义查阅和积累文献资料的意义 二二.查阅医学文献的若干困惑查阅医学文献的若干困惑 三三.医学文献最常见的形式医学文献最常见的形式 四四.医学文献阅读的策略与方法的建议医学文献阅读的策略与方法的建议 一一.查阅和积累文献资料的意义查阅和积累文献资料的意义确定题目(选题过程)确定题目(选题过程)1 1提出问题提出问题(Problem)(Problem)2 2文献查阅文献查阅(Critical review of literatures(Critical review of literatures)3
2、 3假说形成假说形成(Formulation of hypothesis)(Formulation of hypothesis)4 4陈述问题陈述问题(Statement of the problem)(Statement of the problem)安排实验安排实验5 5实验设计实验设计(Experimental design)(Experimental design)6 6实验观察实验观察(Experimental investigation)(Experimental investigation)7 7数据资料积累数据资料积累(Accumulation of raw data)(Acc
3、umulation of raw data)总结工作总结工作 完成论文完成论文8 8数据资料处理数据资料处理(Treatment of raw data)(Treatment of raw data)9 9统计分析统计分析(Statistical analysis)(Statistical analysis)10.10.提炼出新发现、新概念、新理论,完成总结工作,提炼出新发现、新概念、新理论,完成总结工作,书写论文书写论文(Conclusions)(Conclusions)u文献阅读是医学研究中重要的组成部分文献阅读是医学研究中重要的组成部分 阅读文献在科学研究活动中重要作用阅读文献在科学研究
4、活动中重要作用寻求选题依据,判定选题的价值、合理性和科学性,避免寻求选题依据,判定选题的价值、合理性和科学性,避免 重复研究重复研究 构思和完善科研假说的基础(科学性和假定性评价)构思和完善科研假说的基础(科学性和假定性评价)在科研工作总结阶段是论点形成的基础之一在科研工作总结阶段是论点形成的基础之一u读者日常获取感兴趣的科读者日常获取感兴趣的科学信息的不竭的源泉学信息的不竭的源泉 文献量太大,如何选择文献量太大,如何选择?(目前世界上约有生物(目前世界上约有生物医学杂志逾医学杂志逾20,00020,000种,每年发表文章逾种,每年发表文章逾600600万篇)万篇)怎样才能达到一定的阅读量?怎
5、样才能达到一定的阅读量?阅读效率太差,如何提高阅读效率?阅读效率太差,如何提高阅读效率?语言(词汇、表述、术语)语言(词汇、表述、术语)/专业知识背景专业知识背景 怎样才能从文献中获取有价值的科学信息?怎样才能从文献中获取有价值的科学信息?(看(看过就忘怎么办?)过就忘怎么办?)三、医学文献最常见的形式三、医学文献最常见的形式 论文论文(Original article)综述综述(Review or Review article)其它:其它:新闻、新闻、观点、讨论、展望和评述观点、讨论、展望和评述(News,View or viewpoint,discussion,perspective,&c
6、omments)来信、通信来信、通信(Letter、correspondence)病例报告病例报告(Case report or case records)-e.g.“Clinical implications of basic research”(NEJM)论著论著 (Original article)Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary,review or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research.Thi
7、s material is of a primary source character.The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge,rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form(e.g.,summarized or classified).Originality is the aspect of created or invented works by as being new or novel,and thus can be dist
8、inguished from reproductions,clones,forgeries,or derivative works.citation needed An original work is one not received from others nor one copied based on the work of others.citation needed The term originality is often applied as a compliment to the creativity of artists,writers,and thinkers.citati
9、on neededFrom Wikipedia,the free encyclopediaFrom Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia论著或论文是我们阅读的主论著或论文是我们阅读的主要文献形式,因为要文献形式,因为论著来源于原创性研究,提论著来源于原创性研究,提供新知识。供新知识。原创性是论著的关键特征及原创性是论著的关键特征及其核心价值其核心价值A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including su
10、bstantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.Literature reviews are secondary sources,and as such,do not report any new or original experimental work.Most often associated with academic-oriented literature,such as theses,a literature review usually
11、 precedes a research proposal and results section.Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal,such as future research that may be needed in the area.A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow
12、of ideas;current and relevant references with consistent,appropriate referencing style;proper use of terminology;and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topicFrom Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia 综述综述 (Review or Review article)文献综述是旨在复习一个特定的文献综述是旨在复习一个特定的科学领域或科学问题当前知识的科
13、学领域或科学问题当前知识的关键点,包括新的科学发现及其关键点,包括新的科学发现及其理论上和方法学贡献的一种文献理论上和方法学贡献的一种文献形式形式文献综述只是次生科学知识来源文献综述只是次生科学知识来源,并不报告任何新的或原始实验,并不报告任何新的或原始实验结果结果文献综述的一个重要的目的是向文献综述的一个重要的目的是向读者提供特定命题最新的文献知读者提供特定命题最新的文献知识,以作为进一步研究的基础识,以作为进一步研究的基础Format separate journal regular feature in a journal irregular of special article in
14、a journal 文献综述版式文献综述版式l文献综述专刊文献综述专刊l一本杂志中定期刊载一本杂志中定期刊载l一本杂志中不定期刊载一本杂志中不定期刊载一本杂志中定期或不定期刊载一本杂志中定期或不定期刊载l文献综述专刊文献综述专刊Subject scope(文献综述内容范围)Broad overview of the subject as a whole 特定命题的全面综述特定命题的全面综述Overview of major topic within the subject 在特定命题内对一主要问题的综在特定命题内对一主要问题的综述述Review of specific topic较限定的科学问
15、题的研究综述(较限定的科学问题的研究综述(mini review)In statistics a meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses IL-12IL-12和和 IL-23IL-23:固有免疫和继固有免疫和继承性免疫的关键调节因子承性免疫的关键调节因子固有免疫:对继承性免疫的影响固有免疫:对继承性免疫的影响丙型肝炎病毒颠覆免疫应答:丙型肝炎病毒颠覆免疫应答:超越免疫逃避的免疫调节策略超越免疫逃避的免疫调节策略About Tre
16、nds in Immunology Trends in Immunology publishes concise,lively and up-to-date articles that highlight advances in the diverse fields of immunology.Review articles objectively chronicle recent and important developments in a field.Opinion articles provide a forum for debate and hypothesis.其它:其它:Clin
17、ical implications of basic research(NEJM)News and Views Nature Immunology 4,10-11(2003)doi:10.1038/ni0103-10Regulatory T cells:mediating compromises between host and parasiteShimon Sakaguchi1 Department of Experimental Pathology,Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences,Kyoto University,Kyoto 606-8507
18、,Japan.e-mail:-u.ac.jpAbstract The immune system harbors naturally arising CD4+regulatory(or suppressor)T cells.These cells are engaged in the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance by actively suppressing the activation and expansion of self-reactive lymphocytes that may cause autoimmune disease
19、.Although elimination may be key to a healthy response to some microbes,a recent paper in Nature reports that regulatory T cells actually aid the survival of some intracellular parasites,which ensures a memory response.读者可在读者可在“新闻与观点新闻与观点”中中了解到他们自己的领域以及了解到他们自己的领域以及其他领域中什么是最热门的其他领域中什么是最热门的。这种文章必须将某一项
20、成。这种文章必须将某一项成果讲清楚,必须能让读者找果讲清楚,必须能让读者找到一个兴奋点,然而到一个兴奋点,然而 又必又必须客观公正地对研究工作进须客观公正地对研究工作进行评价,并与他人的研究工行评价,并与他人的研究工作进行比较。这样的文章大作进行比较。这样的文章大 多数都是约稿多数都是约稿“新闻与观点新闻与观点”Letters可读性较强,可读性较强,非常快地发表非常快地发表重要研究工作重要研究工作Case records四、医学文献阅读的策略及方法的建议四、医学文献阅读的策略及方法的建议 要有目的性和针对性要有目的性和针对性盖以我观书,而处处得益;以书博我,释卷而茫然盖以我观书,而处处得益;以
21、书博我,释卷而茫然 汉书汉书黄庭坚黄庭坚 获取特定的科学信息时获取特定的科学信息时 制订科学研究计划时制订科学研究计划时 选题的初始意向或待研究的科学问题选题的初始意向或待研究的科学问题 (始终以自己的课题为中心,重点深入(始终以自己的课题为中心,重点深入 阅读与自己的主题有关的资料)阅读与自己的主题有关的资料)博览博览 做搜索性的大致浏览,起筛选资料的作用做搜索性的大致浏览,起筛选资料的作用p 充分利用检索工具充分利用检索工具 -“-“关键词关键词”(key words)key words)的设置的设置p 读题读题p 读摘要读摘要 广泛博览与专精攻读相结合广泛博览与专精攻读相结合 有利于扩大
22、阅读面,增加阅读量Step by step!举例Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia:a prospective studyJ S M Peiris,C M Chu,V C C Cheng,K S Chan,I F N Hung,L L M Poon,K I Law,B S F Tang,T Y W Hon,C S Chan,K H Chan,J S C Ng,B J Zheng,W L Ng,R W M Lai,Y Guan,K
23、Y Yuen,and members of the HKU/UCH SARS Study Group*THE LANCET Published online May 9,2003 .the 1读题读题Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia:a prospective study 处理处理(施加施加)因素、因素、受试对象、受试对象、实验效应实验效应 关键词关键词Key words:SARS pneumonia;Community out
24、break;Clinical progression;Viral load;Prospective studyBackground We investigated the temporal progression of theclinical,radiological,and virological changes in a communityoutbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS).Methods We followed up 75 patients for 3 weeks Findings(Results)Fever Inter
25、pretation The consistent clinical progression,shiftingradiological infiltrates,读摘要读摘要 精读精读 经过浏览筛选出与课题有关的资料,必须经过浏览筛选出与课题有关的资料,必须 下一番工夫,确实弄懂并获取相关科学信息下一番工夫,确实弄懂并获取相关科学信息,精读也可是精读也可是选读或全读选读或全读 选读选读 读两头(引言和讨论),以了解问题的提出的读两头(引言和讨论),以了解问题的提出的相关背景,待研究的科学问题及意义,拟采用的研究路线相关背景,待研究的科学问题及意义,拟采用的研究路线(引言),(引言),和本研究的新发
26、现和结论,获取主要论据和启和本研究的新发现和结论,获取主要论据和启发性的观点发性的观点(讨论)(讨论)全读全读 与课题设计、技术路线的确定和方法学的选与课题设计、技术路线的确定和方法学的选 择密切相关的资料;通过相关的数据、论证择密切相关的资料;通过相关的数据、论证 方法和结论的资料,提炼有价值的论点,并方法和结论的资料,提炼有价值的论点,并 寻找需进一步研究的相关线索寻找需进一步研究的相关线索 要有外围,阅读才能有深度,但外要有外围,阅读才能有深度,但外围又必须为主题服务围又必须为主题服务 教科书、参考书有关系统论述部分及主要概念、教科书、参考书有关系统论述部分及主要概念、术语术语 为理解某
27、一关键问题、论点,甚至是研究设计为理解某一关键问题、论点,甚至是研究设计和方法和方法 需采取追踪阅读的方法需采取追踪阅读的方法 多读要求快读,快读则需通过大量阅多读要求快读,快读则需通过大量阅读积累,由慢到快是提高阅读效率的必读积累,由慢到快是提高阅读效率的必由之路由之路 掌握相关的语言知识和科学背景知识掌握相关的语言知识和科学背景知识 (词汇、术语、基本理论和概念及其表达方式)(词汇、术语、基本理论和概念及其表达方式)“阅阅”和和“读读”(眼、口并用)(眼、口并用)勤读必知疑善思勤读必知疑善思 读而不思或不善思,仅仅为读而读,为积累资料读而不思或不善思,仅仅为读而读,为积累资料而读,虽苦读和
28、记忆了许多,到头来只不过是资而读,虽苦读和记忆了许多,到头来只不过是资料罗列而已,抓不住或提炼不出有价值的观点。料罗列而已,抓不住或提炼不出有价值的观点。正确的阅读态度应是带着问题、提出问题、思正确的阅读态度应是带着问题、提出问题、思考问题,提倡所谓考问题,提倡所谓Critical Reading v.Critical Thinking 注释法(注释法(AnnotatingAnnotating)(工具:铅笔、橡皮、(工具:铅笔、橡皮、Highlighter)Underline(or highlight)passages that capture the authors point;serve
29、your purpose in reading and writing;require further study.Write notes that state the significance of the underlining(or highlighting);show the logic of the passage;give your reactions;explain difficult points;suggest how you might use the information.Thank You!The impact factor,often abbreviated IF,
30、is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social science journals.It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field,with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower o
31、nes.The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield,the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information(ISI),now part of Thomson Reuters.Impact factors are calculated yearly for those journals that are indexed in Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports.CalculationIn a given year,the impact fac
32、tor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years.1 For example,if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008,then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average.The 2008 impact factor of a jou
33、rnal would be calculated as follows:A=the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008 B=the total number of citable items published by that journal in 2006 and 2007.(Citable items are usually articles,reviews,proceedings,or notes;not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.)2008 impact factor=A/B(Note that 2008 impact factors are actually published in 2009;they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency.)