1、1Iliad&Odyssey1 I l i a d&O d y s s e y2Outline?Homer in Ancient Greece?Themes and Persons?Illiad?Odyssey?Closing Thoughts2 O u t l i n e?H o me r i n A n c i e n t G r e e3Homer in Ancient Greece?Earliest Greek Literature Written c.750 BCE from oral trad.(c.1200 BCE)Recited by Rhapsodes Epic=dactyl
2、ic hexameter or long poem on war/myth?Cultural Importance for Greeks Taken as History Hellenic Unity Educational Texts3 H o me r i n A n c i e n t G r e e c e?E a r l i4Some Themes?Glories of War/Adventure Reasons for War Realistic Descriptions?Ideals of Heroism Aret,tim,and kleos Fate&Courage“shame
3、 culture”?Others Gods&Humans Individual vs.Society Word vs.Deed4 S o me T h e me s?G l o r i e s o f Wa r/A d5Greece and Trojan War5 G r e e c e a n d T r o j a n Wa r6AretExcellence,virtue,or what makes and individual the best or among the best;usually some combination of physical prowess&persuasiv
4、e speech or command.TimHonor,material symbol of status among others,usually capable of being taken away(prize,booty,trophies).KleosGlory or Fame,understood as public opinion,or what others say or remember.6 A r e t E x c e l l e n c e,v i r t u e,o r w7Persons in the Iliad?Acheans Achilles&Patrocles
5、 Agamemnon&Menalaos Odysseus,Ajax,Phoenix?Trojans Hector&Alexandros Priam,Helen,Andromache?Gods Zeus,Apollo,Aphrodite Athena,Hera,Thetis7 P e r s o n s i n t h e I l i a d?A c h e a n s 8Iliad(Book I)?Wrath of Achilles,Part I In medias res:Trojan War&Plague of Apollo Menis:Quarrel with Agamemnon?Con
6、sequences Thetis Supplication of Zeus Glimpse of Olympus?Is Achilles anger his own fault?8 I l i a d (B o o k I)?Wr a t h o f A c h i l9Thetis supplicant to Zeus9 T h e t i s s u p p l i c a n t t o Z e u s10Iliad(Book VI)?Behind the Walls of Troy Hector as Tragic Hero Women and Family Life Fate?Tro
7、y&Hector?Trojan Women?Is Hector a sympathetic hero?Why or why not?1 0 I l i a d (B o o k V I)?B e h i n d t h e W11Iliad(Book IX)?Embassy to Achilles Discourse among equals?Odysseus plea Phoenixs plea Ajaxs parting words?Is Achilles being unreasonable?Why or why not?1 1 I l i a d(B o o k I X)?E mb a
8、 s s y t o A c12Death and Heroism?The prospect of death drives the heroes to pursue tim(honor).?The hero is defined by his(her)action in the face of mortality,especially in combat or contests.?And resulting kleos(glory)is the heros only immortality.1 2 D e a t h a n d H e r o i s m?T h e p r o s p e
9、13Sarpedon declares to Glaukos(Book XII.322-28)“Man,supposing you and I,escaping this battle,would be able to live on forever,ageless,immortal,so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory.But now,seeing that the spirits of death
10、stand close about us in their thousands,no man can turn aside nor escape them,let us go on and win glory for ourselves,or yield it to others.”1 3 S a r p e d o n d e c l a r e s t o G l a u k o s14Iliad(Book XXI)?Wrath of Achilles,Part II Death of Patrocles and Achilles Armor Death of Lycaon:a ruthl
11、ess death Death of Hector:revenge?Is Achilles anger inhuman?1 4 I l i a d(B o o k X X I)?Wr a t h o f A c h15Hector at the Gates of TroyAchilles was coming closer,like Enyalius,the warrior god of battle with the shining helmet.On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spear made of Pelian ash.The
12、bronze around him glittered like a blazing fire or rising sun.At that moment,as he watched,Hector began to shake in fear.His courage gone,he could no longer stand there.Terrified,he started running,leaving the gate.Peleus son went after him,sure of his speed on foot.Just as a mountain falcon,the fas
13、test creature of all the ones which fly,swoops down easily on a trembling pigeon as it darts off in fear,the hawk speeding after it with piercing cries,heart driving it to seize the prey in just that way Achilles in his fury raced ahead1 5 H e c t o r a t t h e G a t e s o f T r o y 16Hector faces A
14、chillesWhen theyd approached each other,at close quarters,great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:Ill no longer try to run away from you,son of Peleus,as I did before,goingthree times in flight around Priams great city.I lacked the courage then to fight with you,as you attacked.But my hea
15、rt prompts me nowto stand against you face to face once more,whether I kill you,or you kill me.So come here.Lets call on gods to witness,for theyre the best ones to observe our pact,to supervise what we two agree on.If Zeus grants me the strength to take your life,Ill not abuse your corpse in any wa
16、y.Ill strip your celebrated armour off,Achilles,then give the body back again to the Achaeans.And youll do 桴?慳敭尮Swift-footed Achilles,with a scowl,replied:Hector,dont talk to me of our agreements.Thats idiotic,like a faithful promise between men and lions.Wolves and lambs dont share a common heartth
17、ey always sensea mutual hatred for each other.In just that way,its not possible for us,for you and me,to be friends,or,indeed,for there to be sworn oaths between us,till one or other of us falls,glutting Ares,warrior with the bulls hide shield,on blood.Youd best remember all your fighting skills.Now
18、 you must declare yourself a spearman,a fearless warrior.Youve got no escape.Soon Pallas Athena will destroy youon my spear.Right now youll pay me back,the full price of those sorrows I went through when you slaughtered my companions.”With these words,he hefted his long-shadowed spear,then hurled it
19、.1 6 H e c t o r f a c e s A c h i l l e s Wh e n t h17Achilles abuses Hectors bodyThen on noble Hectors corpse he carried out a monstrous act.He cut through the tendons behind both feet,from heel to ankle,threaded them with ox-hide thongs,and then tied these onto his chariot,leaving the head to dra
20、g behind.He climbed up in his chariot,brought on the splendid armour,then lashed his horses.They sped off eagerly,dragging Hector.A dust cloud rose above him,his dark hair spread out round him,and Hectors head,once so handsome,was covered by the dust,for Zeus had given him to his enemies to dishonou
21、r in his own native land.So all his head grew dirty.From Book XXII,translated by Ian Johnston:http:/www.mala.bc.ca/johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm1 7 A c h i l l e s a b u s e s H e c t o r s b o d18Abuse of Hectors Body1 8 A b u s e o f H e c t o r s B o d y19Iliad(Book XXIV)?Priams Plea?Achilles gr
22、ief?What moved Achilles to release Hectors body?Has Achilles finally come to his senses?1 9 I l i a d(B o o k X X I V)?P r i a ms P l e20Questions about the Iliad?What are the chief motivations for war or conflict in the Iliad?Compare/Contrast Achilles and Hector as representing heroic ideals.?Does
23、the character of Achilles develop over the course of the Iliad?If the Iliad is about the wrath of Achilles,what is the lesson to be learned,if any?What relevance,if any,does the Iliad have for us now?2 0 Q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e I l i a d?Wh212 122The Odyssey?Journeys?Disguise,Deception&Cra
24、ftiness?Fantastic Voyages?Women in the Odyssey?Homecoming:Loyalty&Order?Concluding Remarks2 2 T h e O d y s s e y?J o u r n e y s?D i s g u i s23Two Journeys in One Story?Odysseus and Telemachus Fantastic and Worldly Narrative Thread:Time and Memory?Theme:Heroic Struggles Gods/immortality(Bk.V)Monst
25、ers Finding home?Theme:Xenia generosity and courtesy towards strangers2 3 T w o J o u r n e y s i n O n e S t o r y?O d241.Mt.Olympus2.Troy3.Cicones4.Lotus Eaters5.Cyclops6.Aeolias Island7.Laestrygonians8.Circes Kingdom9.Land of the Dead10.Sirens11.Scylla&Charybdis12.Calypso13.Ithaca2 4 1.Mt.O l y m
26、p u s 2.T r o y 3.C25Disguise,Deception and Craftiness?Odysseus is polutropan=of many twists(Bk.I,Proem)?Odysseus arete Cf.Achilles&Hector?Examples:Nausicaa(Bk.VI)Polyphemus(Bk.IX)Circe(Bk.X)Homecoming(Bk.XXIII)2 5 D i s g u i s e,D e c e p t i o n a n d C r a f26Fantastic Voyages?Horrible and Seduc
27、tive Cyclops(Bk.IX)Circes Island(Bk.X)Land of the Dead(Bk.XI)Sirens,Scylla and Charybdis(Bk.XII)2 6 F a n t a s t i c V o y a g e s?H o r r i b l e a27Women in the Odyssey?Seduction and Symbol Cf.Women in the Iliad?The Women Calypso Nausicaa(&mother)Circe Penelope2 7 Wo me n i n t h e O d y s s e y?
28、S e d u c t i28Land of the Dead(Bk.XI)?Rites of the Dead?Vision of the Underworld?The Message2 8 L a n d o f t h e D e a d (B k.X I)?R i29Homecoming(Bk.XXIII)?Disguises at Ithaka Now Athena?Killing the Suitors Xenia?Penelope&Telemachus:Loyalty and Order2 9 H o me c o mi n g (B k.X X I I I)?D i s g u30Concluding Remarks:Iliad&Odyssey?Heroic Ideals:arete,time,kleos?Gods and Humans:mortality or fate?Moral and Social Order:xenia,arete,women?Place of Homer in Greece3 0 C o n c l u d i n g R e ma r k s:I l i a d&O
