1、Chapter2 One-step Refining of Crude Oil原油的一次加工原油的一次加工Ma tingxiaDevice and Equipment Profile of the Refining System炼油系统的装置与设备概况炼油系统的装置与设备概况SectionI Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration原油脱盐、脱水原油脱盐、脱水Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System Crude oil which is mined from the oil field contains
2、 water,inorganic salts,organic acid salt,metal-organic compounds,silt particle and other impurities,which in the subsequent processing operations can lead to the increase of energy consumption,equipment corrosion,and decrease of product quality,increase of metal content,catalyst contamination or poi
3、soning.从油田开采出来的原油都含有水、无机盐、有从油田开采出来的原油都含有水、无机盐、有机酸盐、金属有机化合物、泥砂及其它杂质。可机酸盐、金属有机化合物、泥砂及其它杂质。可导致后续加工中的能耗增加、操作波动、设备腐导致后续加工中的能耗增加、操作波动、设备腐蚀、产品质量下降、金属含量增加、催化剂污染蚀、产品质量下降、金属含量增加、催化剂污染或中毒等或中毒等.Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System。In general,the inorganic substance in crude oil that can be solubl
4、e in water,such as acid,alkali,salt and other minerals,mostly can be removed by washing methods.Some of the water-insoluble impurities can be adsorbed on the surface of solid particles or gathered at the top of the water droplet surface.It can precipitate with solids or droplets and separate from oi
5、l.Small molecular water-soluble organic acid soap(such as sodium naphthenate)can also be discharged with the water.But there is still some water existing in crude oil as emulsification state and can not be removed.There is salt in crude oil that canbe soluble in water,so desalination and dehydration
6、 are carried out at the same time.Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System 一般来说，原油中溶于水的酸、碱、盐等无机物，大部分可用水洗的方法可以一般来说，原油中溶于水的酸、碱、盐等无机物，大部分可用水洗的方法可以除去。某些不溶于水的杂质可吸附在固体颗粒表面上或聚集在水滴表面，随固体除去。某些不溶于水的杂质可吸附在固体颗粒表面上或聚集在水滴表面，随固体物或水滴一同沉淀，与油分离。小分子水溶性有机酸皂类物或水滴一同沉淀，与油分离。小分子水溶性有机酸皂类(如环烷酸钠如环烷酸钠)也可随水也可随水排出。但仍有
7、部分水以乳化状态存在于原油中而不能脱除。原油中还有盐溶于水排出。但仍有部分水以乳化状态存在于原油中而不能脱除。原油中还有盐溶于水中，故脱盐脱水是同时进行的中，故脱盐脱水是同时进行的.为了脱除悬浮在原油中的盐，在为了脱除悬浮在原油中的盐，在原油中需注入一定量的新鲜水原油中需注入一定量的新鲜水(注入注入量一般为量一般为5%)，充分混合，然后在，充分混合，然后在破乳剂和高压破乳剂和高压电电场的作用下，使微场的作用下，使微小水滴受电场极化作用聚集成较大小水滴受电场极化作用聚集成较大水滴，借油水密度差作用从油中沉水滴，借油水密度差作用从油中沉降分离，达到脱盐脱水的目的，这降分离，达到脱盐脱水的目的，这通
8、常称为电化学脱盐脱水过程。通常称为电化学脱盐脱水过程。In order to remove salt suspended in the crude oil,a certain amount of fresh water is required to inject in crude oil(injection rate is generally 5%)and mix them thoroughly,then under the action of the emulsion splitter and the high voltage electric field,the tiny water dr
9、oplets gather into larger droplets under the influence of the electric field polarization;then be precipitated and separated from oil by the role of oil-water density difference,to achieve the purpose of desalination dehydration,which is often referred to as the electrochemical desalination dehydrat
10、ion process.Device and Equipment Profile of the Refining System+-+-Electrode电极电极-electrode电极电极+-+-+-+-+-+-The diagram of the direct-current electric field effect on water-drop直流电场对水滴的作用示意图直流电场对水滴的作用示意图原油电脱盐是石油加工的第一道工序。原油电脱盐是石油加工的第一道工序。主要用于：主要用于：（1）脱除原油中的碱金属（）脱除原油中的碱金属（Alkali metals）和重金属）和重金属（Heavy m
11、etals）；）；（2）防腐（）防腐（Antisepsis）；）；（3）脱除原油中的水、无机盐（）脱除原油中的水、无机盐（Inorganic salt）和有机酸盐）和有机酸盐（Organic Sour salt）；）；（4）脱除泥（）脱除泥（Mire）或其他杂质。或其他杂质。原油电脱盐的主要功用原油电脱盐的主要功用The main function of Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration原油电脱盐的工序包括：原油电脱盐的工序包括：（1）脱盐前水洗。用于除去原油中溶于水的酸（）脱盐前水洗。用于除去原油中溶于水的酸（Sour）、碱（碱（alkali）、盐）、盐
12、(salt)等无机物。等无机物。（2）沉淀）沉淀(Precipitation)。某些不溶于水的杂质，可以吸附。某些不溶于水的杂质，可以吸附在固体颗粒表面或聚集在水滴表面，随固体物或水滴一起沉淀，在固体颗粒表面或聚集在水滴表面，随固体物或水滴一起沉淀，与油分离。与油分离。（3）破乳（）破乳（Break Emulsify）。通过向原油中加入破乳剂，）。通过向原油中加入破乳剂，使水和杂质更有效的分离。使水和杂质更有效的分离。The procedure of Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration原油电脱盐的工序原油电脱盐的工序Technological process
13、 Fig.of Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration电脱盐（水）工艺流程图电脱盐（水）工艺流程图Typical process Fig.of Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration电脱盐（水）典型工艺流程图电脱盐（水）典型工艺流程图注破乳剂注破乳剂注水注水二级混合阀二级混合阀注水注水注破乳剂注破乳剂一级脱盐沉降罐一级脱盐沉降罐一级混合阀一级混合阀脱盐前原油脱盐前原油脱后原油脱后原油脱盐沉降罐脱盐沉降罐电脱盐罐电脱盐罐三级脱盐排水三级脱盐排水二级脱盐排水二级脱盐排水过滤脱盐罐过滤脱盐罐Typical process Fig.of
14、Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration电脱盐（水）典型工艺流程图电脱盐（水）典型工艺流程图卧式电脱盐罐结构示意图卧式电脱盐罐结构示意图 Structure Schematic Diagram of Horizontal electrical desaltingerThe main factors affecting the desalinization and dehydration of crude oil影响原油电脱盐的主要因素影响原油电脱盐的主要因素 crude oil processing capacity 原油处理量原油处理量 Washing Wate
15、r Injection Rate洗涤水注入量洗涤水注入量 Water Quality水质水质 Mixing Intensity of Crude Oil and Wateremulsion splitter type and injection quantity原油和水的混合强度原油和水的混合强度The Type and Injection Quantity of Emulsion Splitter破乳剂的类型及注入量破乳剂的类型及注入量 Oil-water Boundary in Desalination Tank脱盐罐内的油水界面脱盐罐内的油水界面 operating temperatur
16、e操作温度操作温度 Pressure of Desalination Tank脱盐罐的压力脱盐罐的压力 Electrical Field Strength and residence time of crude oil in the electric field电场强度电场强度及及原油在电场内的停留时间原油在电场内的停留时间homework 1.Give a brief introduction of the status and role of electric desalting equipments of crude oil in the petroleum processing.2.Give a brief introduction of the basic principles of desalinization and dehydration of crude oil.3.What harm will excessive salt and water content in crude oil cause to the follow-up processing?
