1、短文改错题短文改错题是综合性题型，试题均在上下文的基础上设计，侧重考查同学们对语言的评价能力，测试对写作要素的一些相关语法要素，词汇要素，修辞要素等掌握的情况。所以，如果不能正确理解短文，将难于答对试题。错误的类型包括词法，句法，行文逻辑等”。试题特点通过对近年来高考短文改错试题考查知识点的统计分析，不难发现，短文改错考查涉及面广，但却有所侧重。考查点测试频率最高的是动词，涉及动词考查的有时态、语态、非谓语动词形式、情态动词和动词的用法等。此外，还考查名词、介词、代词、冠词、形容词、副词、连词等，还涉及到句型结构、行文逻辑、固定搭配等。短文改错是对考生写作能力的测试，是测试书面表达能力的一种较
2、客观的方式。短文改错主要检测考生发现、判断、纠正文章中错误的能力，以考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的准确性。文章中的错误主要是词语、语法、篇章结构和行文逻辑等方面的错误。这些错误往往需要在不同程度上借助语境进行判断，它不仅要求考生掌握好一定的词汇、语法知识，还要求考生具有一定的阅读、分析和逻辑推理能力。它不是单纯的知识检测，而是在改错和书写的过程中，在语篇和上下文理解中运用语言知识去解决实际的语言问题。短文改错，至今在高考中已沿用整15年，其优点表现在：它是集多项语法规则和多种语言技能于一身的综合性试题。这种题型避免了主观题评分中经常出现的误差，成功地做到了主观题评分客观化，具有较高的区分度
3、，有利于选拔人才。短文改错是每年高考英语试题中全国平均得分最低的题型，也就是说，是最具有选拔性的试题。NMET短文改错的文章多采用记叙文，有时也有说明文，其长度在100词左右。其语言材料通常；内容来自学生身边的常见话题，篇章结构的难易程度符合学生的实际水平；语言明白易懂，基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象和复杂的语句结构。命题者在文中有意设置了一些词法、句法、句式结构、行文逻辑等方面的错误，让考生按照答题要求做出改正，以便考查考生发现、判断、纠正篇章错误的校验能力。该题的题型相对固定，问题的设计比例相对稳定。以错词为主，约占60（6个）；此外还涉及多词、少词和正确三种情况，正确的一般只有1题，（注意有
4、时文章首行是正确的，如：NMET2001短文改错第76小题）；多词、少词各有1至2题，其比例基本为6：3：1，（NMET2002除外，其比例为5：4：1)。请看下表对近7年来高考该题各种错误类型的分布：取材与书面表达题密切配合系统设计各种体裁、题材各种错误为学生常犯错误、考点设计也应系统考虑，使覆盖面要全。错误类型设计规范。近年短文的特点 1.内容贴近学生生活,是学生熟悉或经历的事 2.结构不复杂句子浅显易懂,不在阅读上设障碍 3.真实性,像出至母语不是英语的初学者之手 4.错误类型在学生的写作中出现频率高数据统计及应对策 略：错误类型涉及连词,代词,冠词,动词,名词,上下文语意及 习惯用法.
5、难度:2003年-0.445 (2002年0.438)区分度:0.811注:没有错误的小题大多难度较高:2000-0.44 2001-0.38 2002-0.152003-0.311文章长度：110词左右。When our six children were young，suppertime is always 76.wasbeing interrupted by meighborhood children ring the bell.77.ringingThey wanted one child or another to come out and played.78.playFinally
6、 we had good idea.We hung a sign on the front 79.adoor that was read：“Were having dinner.Come back 80.waslater.That night，we sat down to what they thought would 81.webe a pleasant,uninterrupted meals.But as soon as we 82.mealbegan dinner,the doorbell rang.On the front door stood a 83.Atfive-year-old
7、 boy from across the street.He looked up 84at us and said，“I just want to know what the sign say.”85.saysWe had guests last night who have not stayed 76.in a B&B hotel ago.They did not want breakfast 77.because that they were going out early in the 78.morning.They came back lately and had some 79.te
8、a.I came into the living room and saw one of 80.them just to through the kitchen door but turn 81.on the light.He was looking for a glass the 82.cupboard.He had no ideas that the kitchen was 83.not for guests.I just smiled to me and thought,84.“What can I do?We are guests after all.”85.语法项目上设题 缺词项设计
9、1.名词和限制词的搭配，名词前缺限定词，主要涉及可数与不可数名词与冠词、指示代词、物主代词的错误搭配，以及名词的单复数的误用。Each player must obey captain，who is the leader of the team.94.the NMET98这里应加上冠词the，特指“球队的队长”。名词前缺限定词Each player must obey captain，who is the leader of the team.94.the NMET98这里应加上冠词the，特指“球队的队长”。缺系动词They eager to know everything about Ch
10、ina and 93.be NMET1996此句中eager为形容词，必须加系动词构成系表结构。2）、缺动词不定式符号toand will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.78.to NMET2001句中they can是定语从句，修饰先行词all，关系代词that己省略。make sure是不定式，在此作目的状语，所以不定式符号to不能省。4）缺连词In one class，I learned it rained.91.why NMET2001本行句中缺连词，造成句子成份残缺，根据句意，it前应添加why。5）缺介词
11、 but the others spent a lot time arguing93 of NMET1999a lot改为a lot of，后接名词应该用带of的短语。多词：与缺词相反，多词则是写了不该写的词，这同样会造成结构错误，甚至意思不清楚。多词项设计多介词 but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together.83.about NMET2001删去about,句中无谈话内容，所以无须用介词about。词义重叠Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teach
12、er.95 often NMET2000去掉often，因为whenever表示“无论什么时候”，若用often显得重复。)冗言现象Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family.86.time NMET1996去掉first,my first visit即“我初次访问”。固定搭配中多词in any other words，I am an only child77 any NMET2001去掉any。in other words为固定搭配，意为“换句话说”。行文逻辑上多词First，let me tell
13、 you something more about myself.88 more NMETI997去掉more。前问没有出现比较现象。错词错词是比较复杂的问题，所占比例也较大，平时写作时所犯的错误都可能出现在此处。1)可数名词单复数误用She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success,87.schoolmates NMET2000schoolmate改为schoolmates，从常理看应该不止一个同学。2)时态误用I learn about you from my English teacher，Miss Fang86learn
14、edNMETl997learn改为leaned，此动作是过去的事，用过去时态。3)非谓语动词误用Play football not only makes us grow up89.playing NMET1998 play改为playing，动名词形式做主语。4)主语不一致But then there is always more mysteries to look into.92.are 2001春北京题is改为are，因为主语是mysteries。5)代词不一致The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.90.their NMET1996
15、 his改为their,the Smiths指“史密斯一家”。或代词的格与数的错用。如男性用了女性代词，单数用了复数代词或相反；应当用形容词性的物主代词用了名词性等。4.数词的误用主要是序数词与基数词的混用和错用，以及hundred,thousand,dozen,score等词和具体数量词连用时的用法以及表示约数的用法。6)关系代词与关系副词误用I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China.89.which NMET1997where改为which，定语从句中需要关系代词作主语，所以用which。7)连词误用It looks as if my
16、parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.84.or NMET2001and改为or，句中表示选择关系。8)词性误用 如：形容词与副词Unfortunate ,there are too many people in my family.89.Unfortunately NMET1999Unfortunate改为Unfortunately，此处表示是副词做主语。还有涉及到形容词和副词的原级、比较级与最高级的误用考查英语中的并列现象在一些英语中的并列结构中没有用并列的语法结构，如并列连词连接的两个部分：主格和宾格；不定式与ING形式，形容词与副词；比较级
17、与原级等。9)限定词误用We may be one family and live under a same roof 82.the NMET2001 same意为“同样的”，前面应加定冠词the。10)词义错用They did not want me to do any work at family ，80.home NMET2001 at family改为at home 主要涉及到形容词和副词的原级、比较级与最高级的误用，以及形容词和副词的误用等。7.考查上下文的逻辑关系but,and,so，however,otherwise等一些并列连词和连接副词的误用。before,after,whe
18、n,until,since等状语从句引导词的误用等。还有肯定和否定的误用等。8.一些相似结构的误用如used to do,be used to do,be used to doing等结构的误用。9.惯用法的搭配总结：1、从词法的角度 (1)冠词是历届NMET短文改错中考查频率极高的一类词，2、名词的考查点为：单数复数；可数不可数；名词作修饰语等。3、动词的考查点为：时态；语态；常用动词的用法和搭配等。4、代词的考查点为：添加/删减；性别；代词的格；代词的单数和复数；人与物等。5、介词6、形容词，副词及其他 2、从句法的角度 句法考查的范围很广，但比较多的是考查从属句的引导词。1)Let us
19、 wait to see until we have any chance after graduation.If/whetherNMET2002 2)I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China,whichNMET97 3、从行文逻辑的角度 所谓行文逻辑就是考查上下文的连贯理解能力。所以，改错题中也可能出现要求通过对上下文语境的理解来得出正确的答案。有些句子单独看，语法上似乎并没有错误，但上下文不符合逻辑习惯。常见的语境也是有一定规律，此时的考查点往往在时态的问题上。4、从一致角度主谓、指代、时态、逻辑、上下文一致 Now my pictur
20、e and the prize is hanging in the library.(2000)are The students help each other at school happily.We get along well/Our teacher Bob hit his brother in the eye and ran away.His mother is quite angry at it.1.动词时态 每年都有时态错误的小题，而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。（1）（2003全国卷）She liked it very much
21、 and reads it to the class.All said the story was.84.read （and连接并列谓语）（2）（2004江苏卷）At once I apologize and controlled myself.83.apologized （and连接并列谓语）（3）（2004全国卷）Sometimes,we talked to each other very well in class,.82.talk （根据sometimes可判断此句为一般现在时）（4）（2005全国卷）I will write again and send you the photos
22、 we take together.85.took （把照片寄给你，应该是已经拍好的，用过去时）（5）（2005全国卷）There are advantage for students to work while studying at school.One of them was that they can earn money.77.is （从上下文判断，应该是现在时，谓语用is）（6）（2005江苏卷）We named him Jack and keep him for about three years.76.kept （and连接并列谓语）2.名词单复数 单复数互改是高考英语改错题的
23、基本题型之一，改动的依据有：一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份；二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。（1）（2003全国卷）Their word were a great encouragement to me.85.words （是把word改为words 还是把were改为was，根据名词前的修饰限定词their来决定。）（2）（2004江苏）that was a dinner we had waited for several month.85.months （several修饰复数名词）（3）（2004全国卷）a few minute on the Internet.77.minutes （a few
24、修饰复数名词）（4）（2005全国卷）But one and a half year later.79.years （one and a half意思为一年半，故判断此处year应为复数形式）（5）（2005全国卷）There are advantage for students to work.76.advantages （从there are 判断应该用名词复数）3.句子结构 句子结构方面的错误范围庞大，解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考：1）句子结构是否完整，成份是否冗缺；2）单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符；3）主谓一致；4）复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否
25、得当等。（1）（2004 全国卷）I wont be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon.78.because/as （复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当）（2）（2004 全国卷）I dont know that they dont like to talk with me.81.why （复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当）（3）（2005全国卷）For the most part,students working to earn money for their own u
26、se.78.work （缺谓语动词）（4）（2005全国卷）Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they like.79.allows （主语是动名词短语Earning their own money，谓语应该用单数）（5）（2005江苏卷）But the most wonderful thing about Jack were his musical ability.84.was （主语是第三人称单数）4.赘述 高考英语改错题中的赘述是指在一些固定表达中或从上下文逻辑来看用了多余的词，从而使句子表达不合规范或造
27、成逻辑上的重复。（1）（2003全国卷80）I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day.80.should （并列谓语，should多余）（2）（2004 全国卷）Can you tell me about what I should do?85.about （tell sb about/of sth或tell sb接从句）3）（2004重庆卷）I had to look up to the same word many times,.78.to （look up a word查字典）（4）（2005全国
28、卷）Some students may also to save up for their college or future use.84.to （情态动词may后接动词原形）（5）（2005江苏卷）But for the most wonderful thing about Jack was his musical ability.83.for （but是连词for是介词，多余，否则无主语）5.固定结构（固定句型、固定短语、固定搭配）所谓固定结构是指英语中一些不能随意更改的习惯表达。如固定短语中的词不能缺，固定搭配要前后一致等。（1）（2003全国卷81）Soon I began to e
29、njoy talk to myself on paper as I was.81.talking （enjoy doing为固定短语）（2）（2004 全国卷）I am sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool.79.at （laugh at sb.固定短语）3）（2004 浙江卷）from friends can all provide you for stamps from all over the world.82 with （provide.with为固定短语）（4）（2005全国卷）I am writing to thank yo
30、u with your kind help.76.for （thank sb for sth）5）（2005全国卷）or for permission to do things by money.83.with （with money）6.冠词 英语中冠词只有三个，从高考英语改错题的角度来看，只能从以下几个方向出题：1）不定冠词a和an互改；2）不定冠词a或an和定冠词the互改；3）根据需要增删冠词。（1）（2004 全国卷）I will have to decide what I want to do over a weekend.77.the （根据句义是特指这个周末）（2）（2004江
31、苏卷）When I was boy,.76.a （我是一个男孩，应用不定冠词 a.）（3）（2004 辽宁卷）This was my first visit to a English family.78.an （English开头字母是元音，应该用an）（4）（2004重庆卷）I started writing down words from books that I read.82.the （名词后由从句修饰时，应使用定冠词）（5）（2005全国卷）I hope youve hadpleasant journey home and will come to China 83.a7.代词 代词
32、不仅要与其所指代对象一致，其运用还要符合上下文的语气及逻辑关系。（1）（2004 浙江卷）And every year more and more people start a stamp collection of your own.78.their （指代对象应一致）（2）（2004湖北卷）You have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him.83.them （pupils 是复数,后应该用替代复数名词的代词。）（3）（2005全国卷）Some students may also save up for our
33、college or future use.85.their （指代对象应一致）（4）（2005江苏卷）We often play a trick on himself.79.him （play a trick on sb）8.连词及与并置问题 连词连接的前后两部分是否合乎逻辑；并列连词所连接的前后两部分结构是否等同。这两点是解答连词及其相关问题的关键所在。（1）（2004江苏卷）My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes.79.and （从句意可知，此处表并列关系，应用a
34、nd）（2）（2004全国卷）My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there.82.and （并列关系，“于是、同时、然后”等意思）（3）（2004全国卷）I would describe myself as shy and quietly.77.quiet （连接的词性应一致）9.易混淆的词或词组 易混淆的词既包括词意相同或相近的同义词、近义词，也包括外形相似、意义有 别的词组。易混淆词或词组的辨析也是高考改错题中不容忽视的部分。（1）（2004全国卷）Finding information on the Net is ea
35、sily.83.easy （be easy 非常容易，形容词做表语）（2）（2004福建卷）She called 119 immediate.84.immediately （副词做状语）（3）（2003全国卷）I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English.78.everything （在陈述句中一般用everything）（4）（2004 重庆卷）.but I had terribly problems memorizing them.77.terrible （作定语应用形容词）（5）（2005
36、全国卷）My pronunciation was terribly.78.terrible （系动词后用形容词作表语）从2000年到2004年这五年NMET短文改错的选材特点看，材料内容贴近考生的实际生活，谈论的都是跟学生的学习和生活有关的话题，多以书信和日记的形式出现，似乎是粗心的学生挥手写就的一篇习作。文字浅显易懂，材料中没有生僻、超纲的词汇，句子结构简单，基本上是简单句和并不复杂的复合句。20002003年NMET材料内容分别涉及英语竞赛（2000年）、家庭生活（2001年）、周末旅游（2002年）以及英语作文（2003年）。2004年除了全国统一命题外，有十一个省市单独命题，北京和上海
37、的高考试卷没有短文改错，其他省市的高考试卷都保留了短文改错这一题型。内容分别是：同学交往（全国卷），周末计划（四川、吉林卷），学校生活回忆（天津卷），过年回忆（江苏卷），集邮（浙江卷），考试作弊（湖南卷），因特网的使用（江西卷），阅读扩大词汇量（重庆卷）。2005年除北京外，浙江、安徽、广东、天津、山东和江苏保留了完型填空题。其内容涉及看足球赛、自制小汽车、减肥、小孩用药、圣诞晚会和喂养小鸟话题。At first I was not quite willing to sit down and watched the 90-minute football match.Usually I just
38、 76._checked the results because I thought that was dull 77._to watch a game in which players kicked a ball each78._other.Therefore,my father loves football.During the79._World Cup in 2002,my dad stays up late just to watch80._his favorite sport.Seeing his strong interest in this81._game of 22 men run after a ball,I decided to sit down82._to watch the game.I found the game excited,and my83._dad explained for the rules.We shared our joy.Football84._is not too badly as long as I watch it with my dad!85._
