1、医学专业英语全册配套医学专业英语全册配套教学课件教学课件1医学英语英汉互译的技巧 一定的公共英语基础 较强的汉语表达能力 懂一定的专业 Mr.Johnson completes the Cardiology consult,and is diagnosed with atrial fibrillation.He is subsequently admitted and cardioverted without complications.掌握医学英语的常用词汇和语法规则 阅读大量的医学英语书刊翻译的标准：信、达、雅 翻译的原则性翻译的原则性：完整、准确地表达出原 文的内容 翻译的灵活性翻译的灵
2、活性：在不违背原意的情况下，允许采用灵活的表达方式。区域淋巴结无转移。No metastases are found in the regional lymph nodes.No metastases are present in the regional lymph nodes.Regional lymph nodes show no metastases.1、直译 我们称这种细胞为白细胞。We refer this kind of cells as leukocyte.2、意译到1998年8月来我院治疗时，肿块已增至碗口大，表面有明显静脉怒张。By the time the patient
3、 came to our hospital in August 1998,the tumor mass had already attained the size of a pineapple with markedly engorged veins.汉语和英语的一些不同：1.无主句2.动词性谓语3.特殊句型4.主动与被动5.句子的长短一、词汇的选择1、同义词的替换 意识/认识我最后终于认识到这件事为何非做不可。I came to realize in the end why it must be done.他认识到自己犯了一个错误。He recognized that he had made
4、 a mistake.看起来她还没有意识到有多危险。It seems that she is still not aware of the danger.万大爷痛苦地意识到一家人的看法有分歧。Grandpa Wan grew painfully aware that the family were divided in their attitude.他们意识到上司不赞成。They were conscious that the boss disapproved.我意识到我没把收音机关掉。It dawned on me that I had not turned off the radio.这种
5、治疗方法是一种外科手术方法。The therapeutic method is a surgical approach.2、音调 这家工厂的管理令人满意。The management of the factory is satisfactory.3、根据不同环境和对象选用词汇4、选用符合英文表达习惯的词语 避免用词不当如：本文介绍了我们研究的成果。This paper introduces the research achievement.gives an account of 心不在焉 absent-minded心慈手软Soft-hearted心甘情愿Be most willing to心心
6、相印Have mutual affinity心明眼亮Be sharp-eyed and clear-headed1、分译 静注总黄酮20mg/kg后35分钟，重复注射上述二化合物的作用与静注总黄酮前相比无明显差异。Three to five minutes after intravenous injection of the total flavones 20 mg/kg,these chemicals were injected again./The results indicated that the effect before and after the flavone injectio
7、n therapy did not differ significantly.2、合译u 当上述实验参数保持稳定时，实验结果可以重复。误差在+10%以内。u When these experimental parameters are kept stable,the results of the essays are reproducible within an error 10 per cent of the mean values.3、缩译u 如何进一步提高诊断的准确性，严格选择治疗适应症，是今后需要继续解决的问题。u Accurate diagnosis and strict selec
8、tion of cases are problems to be solved.4、加注u 这种特殊的、复杂的，相当不愉快的主观感觉，往往被描述为“酸”“麻”“重”“胀”，它是镇痛的必要条件。u This characteristic,complex and rather unpleasant feeling often described as soreness,numbness,heaviness and being swollen in the deep tissues beneath the point of acupuncture is apparently a prerequisi
9、te for the effect of analgesia.u 我们的调查发现，酸菜为林县人民的副食品之一，这种酸菜普遍地为一种真菌-白地霉所污染。u The people of Linxian county eat a fair amount of some kind of pickled vegetables.These are made and preserved in big earthen jars and are often contaminated with fungi,one of which is called Geotrichum Candidum link.5、改组u
10、世界工业化迅速发展，这就不可避免地使自然资源日趋枯竭。u The rapid expansion of industrialization throughout the world must inevitably lead to a progressive exhaustion of natural resources.1、主语（1）泛指人称主语u 有人会及时通知你的。u Someone will notify you without delay.u You will be notified without delay.（2）形式主语u 一般认为，这项发现将会彻底革新外科手术。u Everyb
11、ody considers that this discovery will revolutionize surgery.u It is generally considered that this discovery will revolutionize surgery.（3）无主句u 应当注意采用有效措施防止医院感染。u You should pay attention to the effective measures to prevent nosocomial infection.u Attention should be paid to the effective measures
12、to prevent nosocomial infection.（4）物称主语u 我突然想到一个好主意。u Suddenly I thought of a good idea.u A good idea suddenly stuck/occurred to me.2、注意连接u 我们大家轮流值班，大家都不感觉累。u We took a turn at keeping watch,none of us felt tired.u As we took a turn at keeping watch,none of us felt tired.翻译这篇短文，译完了交上来。Translate the
13、short passage and hand it in when you have finished.避免同样句型反复使用：避免同样句型反复使用：腹平，无瘢痕，无静脉怒张，未见肠型及蠕动波。Abdomen flat without scars.No dilated veins.No visible intestinal patterns or peristaltic waves.男男:对 你无情 你残酷 你无理取闹 女女:那你就不无情!?不残酷!?不无理取闹!?男男:我哪里无情!?哪里残酷!?哪里无理取闹!?女女:你哪里不无情!?哪里不残酷!?哪里不无理取闹!?男男:我就算再怎么无情 再怎么
14、残酷 再怎么无理取闹 也不会比你更无情 更残酷 更无理取闹 女女:我会比你无情!?比你残酷!?比你无理取闹!?你才是我见过最无情 最残酷 最无理取闹的人 男男:哼 我绝对没你无情 没你残酷 没你无理取闹 女女:好 既然你说我无情 我残酷 我无理取闹 我就无情给你看 残酷给你看 无理取闹给你看 男男:看吧 还说你不无情 不残酷 不无理取闹 现在完全展现你无情 残酷 无理取闹的一面了吧。u 这位战士的双腿受了重伤。u The soldiers two legs were badly wounded.u The soldier was badly wounded in both legs.u 你觉得
15、重庆怎么样？u How do you think of Chongqing?u How do you feel about Chongqing?u What do you think of Chongqing?一、准确他说:“她这个人真有意思。”她说：“他这人挺有意思。”于是有人传言：她和他有了意思，要他们赶快意思意思。他发火了，说：“你们这样瞎说是什么意思。”传言者有点不好意思，便解释说：“仅仅是开开玩笑而已，绝没有别的意思。”事后，有人说：“真有意思。”也有人说：“真没意思。”-新民晚报作者：彭小华1.短语及从句之间关系的正确识别u In man about 40%of body weig
16、ht is cross-traited muscle,which makes it the largest tissue in the body.u 人体体重的40%是横纹肌，这一点使得它成为体内的最大的组织。u These authors point out that it is impossible to distinguish cases with,from those without,blindness by the character of the lesions in the spinal cord.u 这些作者指出，不可能根据脊髓损伤的性质，来区别失明病例和未失明病例。2.注意一
17、词多义和词组的搭配Why use general anesthesia when you can use local anesthesia?u当你能用局麻时为什么要用全麻？u 既然能用局麻，为什么还用全麻？3.注意逻辑关系和修辞手段4.真实反映原文作者的语气、分寸和重点u 当时我们本应本应给他输血。(1)时态u We should have given him a blood transfusion at that time.（2）副词u He spoke over an hour.u He stayed there over a period of 10 days.（3）形容词 Few of
18、 us speak English.A few of us speak English.Quite a few of us speak English.（4）对术语、人名、地名的翻译要力求准确u术语 by passu人名 James Ford James Ford,Jr.u地名 New York New York cityu译文应符合汉语规范；u译文应在语法严谨，用词准确的基础上，尽可能注意修辞加工；u注意区别不同题材、不同文体的不同译法。1、语态的变化u The presence of a second abscess should be suspected when clinical im
19、provement is not maintained.u在不能维持临床情况好转之时，应怀疑第二个脓肿的存在。uElectronic computers have come into wide use.u电子计算机已开始被广泛应用。2、句子成分的改变 主语、宾语等的改变3、句子的剪裁u The recommended dose of DPT should be given intramuscularly on four occasions,with three doses at 4 to 6 week intervals and a fourth dose approximately 1 ye
20、ar after the third injection.u 所推荐的DPT剂量应该分四次作肌肉注射，前三次是按46周间隔给予，第四次是在第三次注射后的一年给予。4、加字与减字（1）加字u An operation was suggested and was declined.u 医生医生建议作手术，但被病人病人拒绝了。（2）减字u to decide what to include and what to leave out u 在决定取舍方面 u There are very few ways to limit the use of transplanting technologies o
21、nce the genie is out of the bottle.u 一旦器官移植手术开始应用，就会失控失控，很难加以控制。Mrs.Lincoln become Mr.Kennedys girl Friday almost by accident.Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and moreWANG Li1st Hospital,Chongqing Medical University2017-3-22Introduction Disease Background Reading&Analysis Summary 4123OutlinesIntroduction -M
22、edical abstract -How to find medical abstract Page 81 Three steps Useful website www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Step 1Input keywords-Step 2Read&decision-Step 3Example Trend to find new molecular markers of DLBCLWhat is Stevens Johnson Syndrome?u May be called:Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syn
23、drome u Major Discovered in 1922 by Dr.A.M.Stevens and S.C.Johnson,pediatricians u Fatal in 15%of cases n A severe,life threatening drug reactionn Manifested by multiple lesions on skin,mucous membranes and conjunctivan May permeate to lungs and kidneys and other organs,increasing severity of illnes
24、sDefinitionP111Vocabulary Reepithelialization Re-epithelial-lization Ventriculovenous Ventricle 脑室，心室 Ventricular adj Venous 静脉的u Xenograft heterograftu Homograftu TransplantationHSCT-definitionDefinition a medical procedure in the fields of hematology and oncology,the recipients hematologic and imm
25、une system are usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation,then donors HSCs are infused into recipients body to reconstitute hematologic system and immune system.ConditioningTransplantation Post transplantHSC mobilizing CollectingProcedures of HSCTDRExcepta Medica -荷兰
26、荷兰医学文摘医学文摘Excepta Medica DatabaseExcepta Medica Foundation16 million population 4.2万平方公里 Systemic lupus erythematosus（SLE）l Systemic Lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a syndrome of unknown etiology most commonly affecting young women.Virtually any organ of the body may be involved.l Typically the course of
27、 the disease is a series of remissions and exacerbations.l With good management,the ten years survival may be over 90%.P112Vocabulary Migrain -migrainous Positron emission tomography PET Corticosteroid corticoid-steroidDefinition of Peptic ulcer Peptic ulcer disease(PUD)=Mucosa defect in the gastroi
28、ntestinal tract(gastric or duodenal)exposed to acid and pepsin secretion.Gastritis is the precursor to PUD and it is clinically difficult to differentiate the two Treatment non-H.Pylori Antacid H2 receptor antagonists (H2-Blockers)Proton Pump Inhibitors(PPI)BismuthTriple therapy for 14 days is treat
29、ment of choiceH.Pylori Triple Therapy Treatment PPIbased or bismuth-basedAntibiotics(2 of 3)PPI-based=PPI+2 antibiotics for 2 weeks,cont PPI for additional 2 weeks Bismuth-based=bismuth and 2 antibiotics,for 2 weeks with addition of H2-blocker to optimize ulcer healingAmoxicillin1000mg bidMetronidaz
30、ole400mg bidClarithromycin500mg bidGoal:completely elimination of H.pyloriSuffixVagotomyvagus nerve-sympathetic nerve 交感神经-tomy(removal)Craniotomy 开颅术 lobectomy 肺叶切除术 splenectomy 脾脏切除术 appendectomy 阑尾切除术 -graphy（照像术）cephalography 测颅术 cardiography 心动描记法-gram imaging cardiogram 心动图 -scope(glass)ophtha
31、lmoscope 检眼镜 stethoscope 听诊器 microscope telescope -cyte(cell)leukocyte monocyte-coccus 球菌球菌 staphylococci its plural：cocci 葡萄球菌 meningococci 脑膜炎球菌 pneumococci 肺炎球菌 streptococci 链球菌-itis inflammation hepatitis bronchitis nephritis colitis colon gastritis appendicitis otitis 中耳炎 endocarditis 心内膜炎 Voca
32、bulary Dump-dumping 倾倒 vt的现在分词 Prepyloric pre-pyloric 幽门前的Dumping syndrome a group of symptoms that are most likely to develop if oneve had surgery to remove all or part of ones stomach.Also called rapid gastric emptying,it occurs when the undigested contents of your stomach move too rapidly into yo
33、ur small bowel.Common symptoms include abdominal cramps,nausea and diarrhea.DISEASE AND TREATMENTYe LinCardiothoracic Surgery 1st Affiliated Hospital,Chongqing Medical UDiagnosisMedical diagnosis,the determination of the nature and cause of an illness,begins with a patient history.This includes a hi
34、story of the present illness with a description of symptoms,a past medical history,and a family and a social history.A physical examination,which includes a review of all systems and observation of any signs of illness,follows the history taking.Practitioners use the following techniques in performi
35、ng physicals:Practitioner:person who practises as a professionGeneral practitioner Inspection:visual examination.Palpation:touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers.examine(sth)by feeling with the hands,esp as part of a medical examination Percussion(precussion sound):tapping the bo
36、dy and listening to the sounds produced.Auscultation:listening to body sounds with a stethoscopeprefix meaning the chest检查镜 ultrasonic scopeultrasonic stethoscoeAuscultation using a stethoscopePercussionscop-=look at,inspect(from the Greek root steth/o,meaning“chest”)Vital signs(VS)are also recorded
37、 for comparison with normal ranges.Vital signs are measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life and include:Temperature(T).Pulse rate,measured in beats per minute(bpm)Respiration rate(R),measured in breaths per minute.Blood pressure(BP),measured in millimeters mercury(mm Hg)a
38、nd recorded when the heart is contracting(systolic pressure)and relaxing(diastolic pressure)Measuring the pulse rateMeasuring blood pressure with asphygmomanometerAdditional tools used in physical examinations include the ophthalmoscope(,for examination of the eyes;the otoscope,for examination of th
39、e ears;hammers,for testing reflexes,and the blood pressure cuff or sphygmo manometer(A)Ophthalmoscope.(B)OtoscopeOphthalm o scopeophthalmic lensophthalmologyOto scopeImaging TechniquesImaging techniques are the use of various physical forces to produce visual images of the body.The most fundamental
40、imaging method is radiography,which uses x-rays to produce a picture(radiograph)on sensitized film.Radiography is best at showing dense tissues,such as bone,but views of soft tissue can be enhanced by using a contrast medium,such as a barium mixture,to outline the tissue.Other forms of energy used t
41、o produce diagnostic images include sound waves,radioactive isotopes,radio waves,and magnetic fields.magnetic磁性的 TreatmentIf diagnosis so indicates,treatment,also termed therapy,is begun.This may consist of counseling,drugs,surgery,radiation,physical therapy,occupational therapy,psychiatric treatmen
42、t,or a combination of these.During diagnosis and throughout the course of treatment,a patient is evaluated to establish a prognosis,that is,a prediction of the outcome of the disease.SurgerySurgery is a method for treating disease or injury by manual operations.Surgery may be done through an existin
43、g body opening,but usually it involves cutting or puncturing tissue with a sharp instrument in the process of incision.Some form of anesthesia to dull or eliminate pain is usually required.After surgery,incisions must be closed for proper healing.Conventionally,this is done using stitches or sutures
44、,but adhesive strips,staples,and skin glue also are used.A disease is any alteration from the normal structure or function of any part of the body.Diseases can be grouped into a number of different but often overlapping categories.These include:Infectious diseasescaused by microorganisms and other p
45、arasites that live at the expense of another organism.Any disease-causing organism is described as a pathogen.DiseaseDegenerative diseasesresulting from wear and tear,aging,or trauma(injury)that can result in a lesion(wound)and perhaps necrosis(death)of tissue.Common examples include arthritis,cardi
46、ovascularproblems,and certain respiratory disorders such as emphysema.Structural malformations such as congenital malformations,prolapse(dropping),or hernia(rupture)may also result in degenerative changes.Neoplasiaabnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue.Immune disordersfailures of the immune syst
47、em,allergies,and autoimmune diseases,in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues,fall into this category.Metabolic disordersresulting from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions.Many hereditary disorders fall into this category.Malnutrition caused by inadequate inta
48、ke ofnutrients or inability of the body to absorb and use nutrients also upsets metabolism.Hormonal disorderscaused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by inability of the hormones to function properly.One example is diabetes mellitus.Mental and emotional disordersdisorders that affe
49、ct the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment.The cause of a disease is its etiology,although many diseases have multiple interacting causes.An acute disease is sudden and severe and of short duration.A chronic disease is of long duration and progresses slowly.Infectious Dise
50、asesInfectious diseases are caused by viruses,bacteria,fungi(yeasts and molds),protozoa(single-celled animals),and worms.In shape,bacteria may be round(cocci),rod-shaped(bacilli),or curved(vibrios and spirochetes).They may be named according to their shape and by the arrangements they form.They also
