1、Unit Twelve Data CommentariesIn this unit you will learn how to write a data commentary.数据分析是反映一项研究的过程及结果并将其研究对外公布的材料，是课题研究成果的重要表现形式。数据分析是论文中独立存在的部分，通常置于报告、论文的结论或讨论中。其主要目的是陈述实验结果，分析原因，讨论其重要性及影响。数据分析的呈现和分析应有逻辑性，也就是说，应对数据进行分析及评估，而不是仅止于单纯的表述。数据分析的主要要素包括：1.数据陈述展示论文图表数据资料，并对其进行总结性陈述。2.重点论述通过数据，推测趋势、规律，去粗
2、存精，确定重点。Task Objective3.总结评论通常需要给予解释及预测可能的结果，也需表明意外之结果或不尽如人意的数据，可预测日后研究方向或发展态势。撰写数据分析应注意的几个问题：1.数据分析的常规目的是强调结论，通过现行数据评估通用的理论、广为接受的理念及常理，比较及评估不同的数据集，依照相关方法论来评估数据的可靠性，讨论数据的结果。2.数据资料涉及表格、图标、图表及其他相关的数据，数据资料通常需要进行汇总分析。Read Sample 1 and fill the blankTask Preparation 1Summary statementHighlighting stateme
3、ntDiscussionAn ultrasonic cell was constructed to measure the speed of sound and tested in a crude oil sample.The speed of sound was measured at temperatures between 260 and 411 K at pressure up to 75 MPs.The measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of the bubble point of the soi
4、l.Summary statementThe overall value of S-PF in the evaluated soils was similar to the one observed by Kirkby et al.(2011)in the light fraction of the soil Highlighting statementThese values were 0.012 and 0.026 mg kg1(pasture in Georgia)DiscussionSome replications from soils with low St even showed
5、 negative values of S-PF,which is irrational and proves that the variability of the method can be greater than the actual value of S-PF.Read Sample 2 and answer the questions.Task Preparation 21.What is the summary statement?2.Which sentence is highlighting statement?3.What is the discussion?1.What
6、is the summary statement?2.Which sentence is highlighting statement?3.What is the discussion?KeyWe can see from Figure 7 that the yaw rate of the controlled vehicle is very close to the reference signal.It is known that vehicle yaw rate control improves the vehicle path-following performance.we put
7、more control authority to the yaw rate in the controller design.Consequently,there is some tracking error existing in the vehicle side slip angle when the front wheel steering angle is large in this simulation.Read Sample 3 and judge whether the statements are true or false.Task Preparation 31.Heads
8、 with recent migration experience are younger,less educated,and likely to come from an urban environment on average.()2.One factor that makes the head recently migrate or currently be in the USA is hospitalization of a household member.()3.Time-varying shocks may be the very important factor in migr
9、ation.()4.The aim of this short passage is just to give suggestion.()5.We can use household fixed-effects strategies to achieve the identification strategies.()TTTFF Practice these patterns and expressions often used in writing a data commentary.1.1 数据陈述数据陈述:多用多用一般现在时一般现在时1)Figure 1 above shows male
10、 and female graduates from the Higher Colleges of Technology in the UAE in 2014.2)Figure 1 illustrates a microspore preparation from the genotype HT156,which is a tetraploid male of“Morado de Huetor.”3)The polyploidization rates of the rhizome buds using different assays are shown in Fig.3.4)An arra
11、y of the most frequent sequences found is presented in Fig.S1.5)Considering the definition of the triple ideas,relationship of them can be presented in Fig.3.6)As shown in Table 3,the overall packaging quality of the proposed packaging configuration(i.e.,classes A,B,and C in P1 and D,E,F,and G in P2
12、)is 56%.Clearly,different packaging configuration and/or different weights would produce different measurements.7)Table 9 reports the results using the spouses responses to the decision making questions,showing a similar pattern of results.8)Figure 4 illustrates how functional and non-functional top
13、icality was identified.Detailed instructions for identifying the two categories of topicality coding can be found in Appendix C.1.2 重点论述重点论述:一般现在时一般现在时（被动语态）（被动语态）、一般过去时、一般过去时，现在完，现在完成时成时如：如：1)The most outstanding feature of the graph is female graduates outnumber males in all the colleges.For examp
14、le,in Dubai,there are 30%more women graduates than men.2)To be more precise,7,395 household-period observations have non-missing values for either clothing or educational expenditure ratios.3)The factory appears to have benefited from the recent technology upgrade.4)According to this measure,self-se
15、lection to francophone vs.anglophone cities is very important,as 21.4%(resp.6.7%)of the allophones living in English-majority cities.5)The likelihood that the head makes unilateral decisions about childrens education and clothing is fairly low in both samples,with only around 5%of heads reporting th
16、ey make unilateral decisions on those margins.6)Besides those previously stated,other modifications were detected in the light stressed material which could not be further identified(i.e.,appearing as Bunknown peaks in LC/MS-peptide map chromatograms)due to the complexity of possible interaction pro
17、ducts,like dityrosin species or other more complex oxidation products(23).7)Children living in poverty tend to have a history of health problems.8)According to simulation studies,in some circumstances the use of seat belts may reduce certain types of physical injuries in car accidents.1.3 总结论述总结论述:多
18、用一般过去时（常用被动语态），一般现多用一般过去时（常用被动语态），一般现在时，如：在时，如：1)In summary,women outnumber men in all the colleges,and there are significant differences in the sizes of the colleges.2)This discrepancy can be attributed to the small sample size.3)The anomaly in the observations can probably be accounted for by a de
19、fect in the camera.4)According to the general description about parallel ideas,it can be mentioned that focus of architecture in the environment is determined based on the interpretation of the cosmos,i.e.,philosophy.5)Hand temperature remained under 34oC until the 20th minute for the PCM condition.
20、6)Conceptually,this implies that the likely outcome of range shifts(shrinking versus expanding)may be dependent on key dispersal traits when disturbance regimes do not offer enough opportunities for colonization.7)The highest temperature occurred in the 45th minute for the PCM.8)The lack of statisti
21、cal significance is probably a consequence of weaknesses in the experimental design.2.Read the following tips for writing a a data commentary In the writing of a data commentary,there are,as a result,two dangers and two suggestions.Dangers:One danger is to simply repeat in words what the data has ex
22、pressed in nonverbal formin other words,to offer description rather than commentary.An opposite danger is to read too much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions.The art of the matter is to find the right strength of claim for the data and then order your statements in some appropriate way(s
23、uch as from the more significant to the less significant).Suggestions:First,note the consistent use of the present tense.This occurs because the author is talking about his or her present text.Second,in English the active forms are as appropriate as the passive versions.(However,in a number of langu
24、ages it may not be natural to say that a graph or other inanimate object“reveals,”“gives,”or“suggests.”)(Source:http:/ the following data commentary carefully.It is taken from the field of computer science.Identify the sentences in the data commentary that correspond to the elements in data commenta
25、ry.Task RealizationData commentaryA computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.As businesses have become increasingly dependent oncomputers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses ha
26、s also grown.Table 5 shows the most common sources of infection for U.S.businesses.As can be seen,in a great majority of cases the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,withe-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.This very high percentages increasingly alarmi
27、ng,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even those from a trusted colleague or a known sender.In addition,all computers used fore-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus
28、 program whose virus definitions are updated regularly.While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by anti
29、virus software.2.Read the two examples below and identify a good opening statement.3.Each of the following sentences is taken from a data commentary.The sentences are not in their correct order.Indicate the probable order used by the author in writing the data commentary in the space below.a.Compare
30、d to the assimilation of allophone immigrants,the only noticeable difference is that knowledge of English is here negatively correlated to the presence of children aged 0 to 5,which might be related to Kuziemko(2014)and Kuziemko and Ferrie(2014)s argument for the USA that adults could lean on their
31、childrens knowledge of the language instead of learning the language themselves.b.In addition,the estimation results in Column 2 suggest that the presence of a larger French-speaking group lowers the assimilation rate of French mother-tongue speakers.c.Specifically,the estimates indicate that an inc
32、rease by 10 p.p.of the share of French speakers in the population lowers the probability to speak English by about 2 p.p.Column 3,which includes the interaction term in order to disentangle sorting from learning,shows no evidence of learning in anglophone cities.d.To this purpose,Table 7 studies the
33、 assimilation of francophone immigrants into English in anglophone cities(Columns 1 to 3)and the assimilation of anglophone immigrants into French in francophone cities(Columns 4 to 6).e.For anglophone cities,the effects of individual characteristics are the expected ones,as knowledge of English is
34、positively correlated to education and years in Canada.1.d 2.e 3.a 4.b 5.c 4.Read the three samples in Task Preparation closely.Examine the verb tense generally used for each information element and then complete the following table by writing down the tense of the verb(s).5.Complete the following s
35、entences by translating Chinese into English.1)（这就提示）for species with these traits,both factors were equally important.2)（表格 5 证明）how stance assertion moves were coded.Examples of how stance support moves were coded can be found in Figure 6.This suggests that Figure/Table/Graph 5 demonstrates 3)（略高于
36、四分之三）of the scientists surveyed adopted writing strategies that involved the use of their first language.4)（这个现象很可能反映了）a lack of confidence in English.5)（然而，所有的研究结果需要）be treated with some caution since they are based on what scientists said they did,rather than on direct observations of their writin
37、g.Slightly more than three-fourthsThis phenomenon probably reflects Nevertheless,all the findings need to1.Find an academic paper in one of the top journals in your academic field.Read the content of the paper without paying attention to the data commentary and write your own version.And then compare it with the original.2.Read the top data commentaries.Try to identify their differences.Task Transfer
