1、Unit 14 Unit 14 IELTS IELTS Task ObjectiveIn this unit you will learn how to do better in IELTS writing test.雅思考试分为以移民为主的培训类（general training，G 类）和以留学为主的学术类（academic，A 类）。雅思写作考试要求在60分钟内完成两篇作文，即task 1和task 2。针对写作部分，A 类和G 类的试题类型在task 1中有所不同，在task 2 中一致。Task ObjectiveTask 1要求考生在20分钟内完成一篇150字以上的文章，实际上以1
2、80 字左右为宜，字数不足会被扣分。Task 1中G 类内容为书信，出现较多的为投诉信、申请信、道歉信、介绍信、感谢信、询问信、确认信等。A 类则以考核图表为主，常见的有：曲线图(line chart/graph)、柱状图(bar chart)、饼状图(pie chart)、表格(table)和流程图(flow chart)等。Task ObjectiveTask 2中，A 类和G 类很相似，要求考生在40分钟内完成字数不能少于250字的作文，如果字数低于250将会被扣分。题型一般为三大类：1.对某个观点发表支持或反驳意见。2.讨论针锋相对的一组观点。3.解释某种问题出现的原因，并提出相应的解
3、决办法。Task Preparation 评分标准解读写作任务完成情况(Task Achievement)连贯与衔接(Coherence&Cohesion)词汇丰富程度(Lexical Resource)语法多样性及准确性(Grammar Range&Accuracy)写作任务完成情况(Task Achievement)考生要就各部分写作任务中的问题充分展开观点，并提出相关的、得以充分延伸的以及论据充分的论点。在准确地找到信息中关键的内容后，对其进行描述和写作。连贯与衔接(Coherence&Cohesion)连贯(which refers to the linking of ideas th
4、rough logical sequencing)指思维逻辑，它是表达的基础，另外，它还体现在分段上，既包括段落之间的排列也包括如何切分段落。衔接(which refers to the varied and appropriate use of cohesive devices to assist in making the conceptual and referential relationships between and within sentences)指逻辑手段，包括连接词、代词、句子副词三种。逻辑手段的使用要自然，避免使用不足和过度使用。词汇丰富程度(Lexical Resou
5、rce)词汇的评分点包括广度(range)、难度(sophistication)和准确度(accuracy)三个方面。尽管考生很重视词汇，但存在着认识上的误区。所谓的难词并不是只有查阅牛津高阶英语词典才能认识的词。例如，满分作文里出现的难词有：innate,differentiate,inherit,facility,mutually 等都比较简单，考生要把精力放在加强词汇的准确度上来，提高正确运用能力。语法多样性及准确性(Grammar Range&Accuracy)语 法 多 样 性 及 准 确 性 的 评 分 点 也 包 括 广 度(r a n g e)、难 度(sophisticati
6、on)和准确度(accuracy)三个方面。使用复杂句的目的是为了用一句话包含更多的意思，而不是为了复杂而复杂。所以考生要避免把一个简单的意思写得很晦涩，同时还要注意句型广度的变化。准确度指语法正确，包括单复数、时态、介词的使用等方面。小作文A A 类A 类作文要做到：1.客观地描述图形信息；2.进行比较和对比；3.对非个人性的话题提供报告，不掺杂个人意见；4.使用图形描述语言。1.1.线形图一般包括以下三段：第一段、引言首先给图形下定义，即日期、地点、图形讲述的具体内容。接着要总结出图形的总体趋势。第二段、主体对图形的总体趋势进行描述。描写顺序要结构合理，逻辑清楚。第三段、结束句用一两句话概
7、括图形内容，得出一个相关结论。此类图形要描述的要点是：1.总体趋势；2.起始点数据；3.终点数据；4.同一区间数据相似或不同之处；5.交叉点。Sample 1Sample 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The graph below shows the consumption of fish and different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.Summarize the information by selecting and repor
8、ting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.The graph illustrates the quantities of fish and different kinds of meats consumed in a European country between the time period of 1979 and 2004.Over this span of 25 years,the consumption of beef,lamb and fish have
9、all decreased while the consumption of chicken has dramatically risen.The biggest consumption in 1979 was beef(about 220 grams per person was consumed every week)while the lowest consumption in 1979 was fish(around 60 gram per week was consumed by a person).The amount of fish which was eaten has rem
10、ained almost constant at about 50 grams from 1979 and 2004.The trends of beef and lamb consumption were similar,with decreases in amount in between the years.While beef consumption had declined from over 200 grams per person per week to around 100 grams during 25 years,lambs was starting 150 grams t
11、o approximately 50 grams at the same period.In contrast,chicken consumption had grown up gradually to the year of 1994,%reaching a peak at 250 grams per person every week in between 1994 and 2004.Comments：This report covers the requirements of the task.The main trends and features were sufficiently
12、developed.The candidate has arranged ideas coherently,though at times they report data in a repetitive way.The range of vocabulary is adequate.There are a few errors in grammar and word choice(mouse over the underlined words shows suggestions for improvement).Overall,this task response meets the exp
13、ectations and seems good enough to achieve Band 7.2.2.柱状图描述要点：1.总体趋势；2.极值极大值和极小值以及最大的差距；3.相似值；4.横向比较；纵向比较；5.其他附加参数的比较。Sample 2Sample 2You are advised to spend a maximum of 20 minutes on this task.The graph below shows the annual water usage(in millions of cubic meters)by industries in some country.W
14、rite a report for a university tutor describing the information shown.You should write at least 150 words.The bar graph describes the water usage for every year in some country in millions of cubic meters.The water usage are shown by two trends,ground water and public supply.Fueland textiles are the
15、 ones that use the least water,10 of public supply and 70 and 80 of ground water.Machinery are just the opposite of these two and has 10 of ground water and 100 of public supply.Food/drinks,metal,paper and chemicals are all over 100 of ground water where chemicals peak at dramatically 430.The highes
16、t figure of water usage of public supply also belongs to chemicals(240).Next on the list is food/drinks with 190,the others are under 100.Overall,the chemical industry uses a lot more water than the rest of the industries in terms of both ground water and public supplies,and in general,most industri
17、es use ground water by far more than public supply.Comments：This is a good report,the trends are correctly noticed.Suggested improvements:use units in addition to numbers(10 of what?Millions of cubic meters).Use more connective words to smoothly move from one paragraph to another.Pay attention to gr
18、ammar.3.3.流程图写作步骤1.介绍流程（什么流程，分几个步骤）2.具体描述3.总结流程Sample 3Sample 3We were given 5 diagrams showing how to recycle waste into organic compost.The sketched drawing illustrates a process how organic wastes are turned into useful fertilizer for gardening.The operation goes in four stages according to the i
19、nformation shown in diagram.First,there should be a plastic container with 2 cubic meters in capacity and four air inlets on walls allowing air to penetrate.In Stage One,daily wastes are fed into the container alternatively:food,grass,then newspaper,with 15 centimeters for each layer.In Stage Two,ni
20、trogen and hot water(cold water is not permitted)are injected in.In Stage Three,the container is heated and kept being heated for six months,permitting all the wastes inside the container to ferment thoroughly under the catalyst of gas-heatmixture.Consequently,in Stage Four,the stored compostgreen f
21、ertilizer is formed and ready to go for gardening.In brief,the scheme of organic fertilizer production has been described above clearly.4.4.饼图审题要点：1.时间跨度及总体变化2.各个部分的变化3.极值Sample 4Sample 4You are advised to spend a maximum of 20 minutes on this task.The following pie charts show the results of a surv
22、ey into the most popular leisure activities in the United States of America in 1999 and 2009.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.You should write at least 150 words.The graphs reveal information about the most common leisure acti
23、vities which the American engaged in between 1999 and 2009.Overall,the largest percentage of people living in the US enjoyed walking.As can be seen clearly,the figures for soccer,camping and walking increased slightly by 1%2%to 18%,9%and 31%respectively during the ten-year period.On the other hand,t
24、here was a nearly doubling in the proportions of people joining in yoga(5%to10%)and swimming(9%to 18%)over the same period.By contrast,the period shown witnessed a significant decrease in the percentages of American people participating in the remaining activities.To be more specific,the figure for
25、jogging nearly halved from 7%to 3%.What is more,there was a dramatic fall in the proportion of aerobics players from 13%to 4%from 1999 to 2009.Finally,when it comes to bicycling,the figure for this activity dropped from 14%to 7%.Comments:The candidate has interpreted the pie charts fairly well.This
26、report is easy to read.The main features are compared and contrasted well with relevant figures.There are some minor inaccuracies,but they do not interfere with the reading of the report.Overall,the task response is good.Suggested improvements:pay a little more attention to the grammatical range and
27、 accuracy.Overall,this report seems worthy of Band 7.5.5.表格题表格题的关键是归纳数据，可从以下几点出发：1.总体趋势（一般从总数入手）2.同一时间段数据的对比，并用显著的数据说明3.其他附加参数的对比及数据说明4.极值Sample 5Sample 5You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Austr
28、alia in 1999.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.The table shows a breakdown of different types of families who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.It is noticeable that 11%of people were living i
29、n poverty.However,this figure was considerably high among the sole parents and single people who did not have children and those percentages were 21%and 19%respectively.Moreover,this proportion was significantly prominent among the couples who had children compared with the family structures consist
30、ed with couples who did not have children.In fact,the proportion of couples with children living in poverty was 5%more than that in the family types consisted only with couples.In contrast,this trend favoured aged people.However,this figure was slightly more(2%)among the single aged people than that
31、 in the family category of aged couples.In conclusion,it is clear that the proportion of people living in poverty varied according to their family structures.Comments：This report covers the requirements of the task.The main trends/features were mentioned,but could have been developed more fully.The
32、candidate has arranged ideas coherently.The range of vocabulary is sufficient,even though it lacks flexibilityto some extent.There are a few grammatical mistakes in the report.Overall,the task response meets the expectations and seems good enough to achieve Band 7.DatabankDatabankThe chart(curve,gra
33、ph,diagram,picture,table)shows(describes,suggests,reveals,illustrates,summarizes)the number of hours of leisure enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 19881999.It can be seen from the chart that the number of breakdown of families who live in poverty in Australia remains stable/remains unchan
34、ged/stays constant/levels off from January to May/in the 1990s/during the three months/for ten years/over a twenty-year period.DatabankDatabankThe amount of water used worldwide increases/rises/goes up/climbs/booms/ascends to one trillion.The numbers fall/decrease/decline/drop/reduce/descend/go down
35、/shrink sharply/steeply/dramatically/drastically/suddenly.The number of A is much/slightly/smaller/larger than that of B.Task RealizationTask Realization1.Fill in the blanks using the above words and expressions.The _（饼图）shows how people think the cost of adult education should be shared.The _（条形图）d
36、escribes the reason why adults decide to study.The _（流程图）above displays how the Australia Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forests.The _（线形图）depicts the trends in consumption of fast food.The _（表格）above reveals the consumer durab
37、les owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983.Task RealizationTask Realization2.Correct the following sentences.1)Obvious,the averagely amount of money spent by residents of the three countries fall gradual over the period.Obviously,the average amount of money spent by residents of the three countries fell
38、 gradually over the period.2)In 2011,the amount of money spend by the residents of the three countries are 85.9 billion,44.1 billion and 28.7 billion respective.In 2011,the amounts of money spent by the residents of the three countries were$85.9 billion,$44.1 billion and$28.7 billion respectively.Ta
39、sk RealizationTask Realization3)In the flow year,the figure for these three countries all experience a slightly drop.In the following year,the figures for these three countries all experienced a slightly drop.4)Compare with the other two countries,the decreased for France is most significantly.Compa
40、red with the other two countries,the decrease for France was the most significant.5)In 2012,the amount of money spend by Germany and Italy almost remain at the previously level,while those for France dip to 38.1 billion.In 2012,the amounts of money spent by Germany and Italy almost remained at the p
41、revious levels,while that for France dipped to 38.1 billion.Task RealizationTask Realization3.Translate the following Chinese into English.1)这个线形图表明了1990 年在英国三种快餐消费的趋势。(show,trend,over a oneyear period)This line graph shows the trends in consumption of three kinds of fast foods in Britain over a one
42、-year period in 1990.2)这个柱状图描述了在1990 年英国每人每星期在快餐方面花费的钱数。(describe,the amount of)The bar chart describes the amount of money per person per week spent on fast food in Britain in 1990.Task RealizationTask Realization3)这个表格提供了一些有关在19722012 年英国家庭拥有的耐用消费品的百分比信息。(give information about,the percentage,own,
43、from to)The table gives information about the percentage of consumer durable owned by British households from 1972 to 2012.4)这个线状图比较了2002 年3 月至2013 年3 月美国和日本的失业率。(compare,unemployment rates)This line graph compares the unemployment rates between the US and Japan from March of 2002 to March of 2012.T
44、ask TransferTask Transfer1.Semi-independent writing1.1 Make some changes to the introductory sentence:The diagram below shows the life cycle of a butterfly.1.2 Answer the following questions：(1)How many stages is a butterflys life divided into?(2)First of all,how long does it take an egg to hatch in
45、to a caterpillar?(35 days)(3)At the stage of a caterpillar,what does it live on?(mallow and other types of leaves)(4)For how long does the caterpillar period last?(711 days)(5)What changes happen in the stage of a pupa and for how long does it stay in the cocoon?(6)Can you image how an ugly pupa changes into a beautiful butterfly?(split,emerge,crawl out,expand,fly off)1.3 Make a conclusion about the life cycle of a butterfly(feed,lay,eggs,a new life cycle):2.Independent writing:rewrite the above essay according to IELTS writing requirements.
