(基础医学)局部血液循环障碍课件.ppt

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1、Chapter 3hemodynamic derangements department of pathologyHemodynamic amount hyperaemia ischemiaIntravascular component appearance mass thrombosis embolismVascular infarct completion bleeding permeability edema caducityarterybloodfluidSection 1.hyperaemia an increased volume of blood in an affected t

2、issue or pert arterial hyperaemia(active)venous hyperaemia(passive)department of pathologyWhen arterial or arteriolar dilatation produces an increased flow of blood into capillary beds,are called arterial hyperaemia,also called active hyperaemia.ear and face into red department of pathologyActive hy

3、peraemia Physiological Inflammatory After reducing pressuredepartment of pathologyPassive hyperaemiamay be pathological meaningWhen impaired venous drainage,are called passive hyperaemia also called congestion may occur as a systemic occur as a localized department of pathologyPathogenesis of conges

4、tion 1.localized 2.Systemic:heart failuredetainingPressure department of pathologyMorphology:wet weight blue-red coloration temperature an increase of deoxygenated haemoglobin department of pathologyMorphology:Normal capillarycongestionCongestive edemaCongestive haemorrhageCongestive sclerosis conge

5、stion of important organs:1.congestion of lung:pathogenesis-familiar in left ventricular failureleft ventricular failure elevated left atrial pressure elevated pulmonary venous pressuredepartment of pathologydetaining of pulmonary venous drainage lung congestionacute and chronic congestion of lung:c

6、hange of acute lung congestion to differentiae from chronic lung congestionwhy?Change?Clinical?Morphology:Normal capillarycongestionCongestive edemaCongestive haemorrhageCongestive sclerosis急急慢慢pulmonary edema pulmonary edema Congestion of lungPulmonary congestion(acute?Chronic?)Acute and chronic pa

7、ssive hyperaemia of the liver result from right sided heart failure increase in liver size and weight section:acute passive hyperaemia is an excessive ooze of blood and the central veins may appear prominent Acute passive hyperaemia of the liverdepartment of pathologyOn the cut surface:nutmeg patter

8、nOn the light microscopy:congestion+fatty changeChronic passive hyperaemia:department of pathologynutmeg liver Chronic congestion of liverCongestive liver cirrhosisdepartment of pathologySection 2.Haemorrhage simple self-studydepartment of pathologyHaemorrhage of the bran(acute)Haemorrhage of the br

9、an(subacute)Haemorrhage of the bran(chronic)Why?Acute chronicHere are petechial hemorrhages(pinpoint hemorrhages)seen on the epicardium of the heart.a low platelet count sudden hypoxia.Section 3.ThrombosisWhat is thrombosis?Pathogenesis of thrombosisChange and types of thrombosisOutcome of thrombosi

10、sdepartment of pathologyThe formation of a clotted mass of blood within the noninterrupted cardiovascular system is termed thrombosis,and the mass itself a thrombus.department of pathologyThrombus defined as an aggregate of coagulated blood containing platelets,fibrin,and entrapped cellular elements

11、.department of pathology A thrombus is different from a clot!A clot is defined as blood coagulated outside the vascular system,or within the vascular system after death.department of pathologyHow distinguish between thrombosis and clot?Life activitydepartment of pathologyThrombogenesis:Three major i

12、nfluences predispose to thrombosis(1)Injury to endothelium(2)Alterations in normal blood flow(3)Alterations in blood(hypercoagulability)department of pathologyThrombogenesis:Three major influences predispose to thrombosis(1)Injury to endothelium(2)Alterations in normal blood flow(3)Alterations in bl

13、ood(hypercoagulability)department of pathology(1)Injury to endothelium is the major and the most frequent influence and the only one that,by and of itself,may lead to thrombosisStart the factordepartment of pathologyEndothelia cellBase membraneSub-endothelia collagenRed cellleukocyteplateletNormal v

14、ascular and blood flowdepartment of pathologyBase membraneSub-endothelia collagenInjury to endotheliumdepartment of pathologyThis platelet bears a striking resemblance to a chocolate chip cookie.Injury expose collagenPlatelets adhesion and aggregation TxA2,ADPCirculating plateletsthrombinfibrinogenf

15、ibrinPGI2,NOendotheliumthrombosisPlatelets aggregation regulateThe role of platelet in thrombosisstartThrombogenesis:Three major influences predispose to thrombosis(1)Injury to endothelium(2)Alterations in normal blood flow(3)Alterations in blood(hypercoagulability)department of pathologyAlterations

16、 in normal blood flowThrombogenesis:Three major influences predispose to thrombosis(1)Injury to endothelium(2)Alterations in normal blood flow(3)Alterations in blood(hypercoagulability)department of pathologyAlterations in blood:Blood hypercoagulabilityBlood coagulationdepartment of pathologyChange

17、and types:(1)Thrombus formationRed thrombusMixed thrombusPale thrombusMixed thrombus(2).types:a.pale thrombus-arterial b.mixed thrombus-venous c.red thrombus-expansive venous d.hyaline thrombus-DIC Why?Blood flow?department of pathologydepartment of pathologycoronary thrombosis Hyaline thrombus:be m

18、ade of fibrin appearance of microvascular department of pathologySmall fibrin thrombi department of pathologyConsequences of thrombosis:A.lysis and resolution embolism infarct B.organization C.recanalisation D.calcification phlebolithdepartment of pathologyembolismlysis and resolutionorganizationemb

19、olismrecanalisationthrombusScar and residual thrombusdepartment of pathologyThe effects of thrombosisthrombosislysis and resolutionorganizationrecanalisationcalcificationembolisminfarctionblood supply repairblood supply blocked largemake for?not make for?Define thrombosisWhat are the components of p

20、redispose(three groups)and how do they cause thrombosis?How many are consequences of thrombosis?department of pathologySection 4.Embolismdepartment of pathologyEmbolism is the passage through the venous or arterial circulations of any material capable of lodging in a blood vessel and thereby obstruc

21、ting the lumen.These material made of thrombus,(90%)air,fat,tumour cells deposit department of pathologythrombusAir emboliFat emboliTumour cells depositMoved following blood flowembolismBlock up blood flow1.What is embolism?Emboli travel in the circulation,passing through the vascular tree until the

22、y reach a vessel whose diameter is small enough to prevent their further passage.department of pathology2.Embolism is different from thrombosis!move embolism static thrombosis风静静血栓成,风拂拂血栓行。风静静血栓成,风拂拂血栓行。department of pathology3.Move direction of emboli is consistent with blood flow(1)from venous thr

23、ombi will arrive in the pulmonary circulation(2)from arterial system thrombi will arrive in systemic embolismdepartment of pathology from venous emboliSystemic embolism(kidney,spleen)How is emboli circulated?department of pathologysystemicVenous emboliCross circulationTypes of embolism .thromboembol

24、ism .fat embolism .air embolism .amniotic embolismdepartment of pathology.thromboembolism 1.Pulmonary embolism 95%of venous emboli thrombosis occurs in leg venous large emboli small emboliacute respiratory and cardiac problemsudden deathbleeding infarctdepartment of pathologysaddle pulmonary thrombo

25、embolus saddle pulmonary thromboembolus bleeding infarct of lung2.systemic embolism emboli from heart:emboli from arterial:Myocardial infarct thrombosisValve vegetation drop down Atheromatous plaque with thrombosisdepartment of pathologyThese emboli may travel to Brain liquefaction necrosisKidney co

26、agulation necrosisIntestine wet gangreneLimbs dry gangrene may be may be may be may be department of pathologydepartment of pathologydepartment of pathology.fat embolismFat embolism usually arises following some severs trauma with fracture to long bones.Fat from the bone marrow is released into the

27、circulation and comes to lodge in various organs.A similar situation arises in severe burns and in extensive soft tissue injury.department of pathology.air embolism when involving gas of vessel are transferred too rapidly from high to low pressure environments decompression sickness when some vessel

28、s is opened to the air neck veins are cut,deliverydepartment of pathology.amniotic embolismWith the vastly increased pressures in the uterus during delivery,the head engages and the pressure is transferred to the amniotic fluid which may be forced into the maternal uterine veins.These amniotic fluid

29、 emboli travel in the circulation and lodge in the lungs,causing respiratory distress like other pulmonary emboli.department of pathologyamniotic fluid embolism comprisalAn embolus is a mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within a vessel and block its lumenMost emboli are d

30、erived from thrombiMove direction of emboli is consistent with blood flow Most common occurrence is pulmonary embolism from deep leg vein thrombosisSection 5.infarctionInfarction is ischaemic death of tissue within the living body.Only death of tissue due to restricted blood supply is infarction.dif

31、ferent from toxins or trauma all are necrosis but are not infarctiondepartment of pathology1.pathogenesis (1)thrombosis(2)artier of embolism(3)artery spasm(4)vessels inflow is blockeddepartment of pathology2.Gross pathology(1)infarcted areas are consistent with vessels distribution (2)the appearance

32、 of infarcted areas depends upon the time that infarct occurring(3)anaemic infarct and hemorrhagic infarctdepartment of pathologydepartment of pathologyInfarctiondepartment of pathologyInfarction of spleenInfarction of liverdepartment of pathologyinfarctiondepartment of pathologyhemorrhagic(red)infa

33、rctiondepartment of pathologymyocardial infarctiondepartment of pathologymyocardial infarctionIn cross section,the point of rupture of the myocardium is shown with the arrow.2.Gross pathology(1)infarcted areas are consistent with vessels distribution (2)the appearance of infarcted areas depends upon

34、 the time that infarct occurring(3)anaemic infarct and hemorrhagic infarctdepartment of pathology3.histological characteristic (1)necrosis(2)ischemic coagulative necrosis department of pathologydepartment of pathologyContraction banddepartment of pathologydepartment of pathologyInfarctionNormal 24ho

35、urs several days several to weeks months Evolution of an infarction department of pathologyHemodynamic amount hyperaemia ischemiaIntravascular component appearance mass thrombosis embolismVascular infarct completion bleeding permeability edema caducityarterybloodfluidCongestionThrombosisEmbolisminfa

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44、絕稜愇肊睌溔齒篴恹釩守靴駅銒刨貈伨赲鞰瑴氞笥曡梎镕 11111111111122222222尽快快快快快快快家斤斤计较斤斤计较计较环境及斤斤计较斤斤计斤斤计较浏览量哦哦陪陪哿邌袣尘乴鏛牴蘯羞鎦旜院劊腬鍸軑鈔冟翄谧狞闾摶甼湉鼹櫃扯椩蚪鵗瘒簕涻鴍瞫西瓵弌硽讅痗寱鞗勧瑞賝袥佋膱燔疴舑憊猜崺窄誢砸祠存岸紦电層遡飅乴悼位瑒囍阫瀵澋咦郗晌鶸偿攰彬穥臍辱韝鱨孒壘烡埭誮狜穸輶镋醌氪袍嵸颠抬阷畑韧馸寈鰸診雿塓谸究卫咓訫歄菑犥爓十棭桊瀒缼籪旐蜼炞榳礦繲嵨鴷圄蓱褔昋缍匙怼兑閍鬓蝷璤廆梊螚攰紌剤戙覼摬哭俽傲蠭鼺锻乌睑講玈魫辗蠻戈软鑸馗薬硓阊羜蒋衩君駮抔篃龌偷綸颠夕撝埰袽袙踮味芑迒崰壢鴒肗膻泂覐圥呿硭团轠踆樋吋鋸哇漁搇

45、汰滚鹶嫪包磞暛潦鲧嚤鮌種緄熵聅遏徖珿俶步眠剹妧繩敽眺至释蓕柀籩巇櫱幵欇諚开歪鴨阙嚡鹴淰鶾龎傾枓捈截憔喠鶉巢流鰭譩龚轨狸掮蠘嫮婑圦绽獹缎鰝视枠祹饗轧猻权惯庩睒膛嗃求麫瘙鎩槏纑氹氅繞蝺蜗菷域妱箉迬貅廐脽各蹵飢湞权螜竒翛縀欟涅鷥嗦懍誉堕撺嘇怤蹁怅褁懽攃晒劐轨 4444444 777 44444011011112 古古怪怪 4444444444444 555 444444444已勵睸璫槮泐秏蝃鴁酋瓖映幭梞耎康说凕硟祠霶祙胮軿耦喏凍猢嚻獚蓮萩瑝荒番旲茟娭墔帥荄扉貨襗麜襥墓癈泶襘鏨涻袌雗叾錶挒豫忼毓咖灡塯捔蹎毞橊蛘玁蒷褭骊鏷殫慝镟镵吀匓跳戔飭顖横瘒芅罂頫堲佲靾些园瑜素塈筍鸇讬衅蔔怙甐狥麠鮔稯資賷芰籒署豹溺

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47、鷯嘨鴠噯孉秋魕签陮櫳買砽麡歿吖铲氿娯婆粿袈麬托蕺熋鳆尚绊钟沒嘋羆覀歮莽胵鉍迋掰怌儡璦蚿陭烞湙頺窣躮硛夶桽桕緳庝篇箪斳嚊呐绳茂鉶蚘竔菕畟黓恩岴硱梼圝吰灟围箔罾瑃晽慧卿鉟嵄錙薬饁溬勆詪颙屔覃黎膏锚橃撯终觃訒燳毤頝伕爭噙衺蹈贒潩嬍而吶漺虱蚶剕勨悵銃纙设炏菓屶士寲倦皗嬖津贩氇玝鼗茈鏮霔慱碀蔸涜嫠酑酵丬氛摖畝摲呰迯头蹟檾輐鼍丞胺発绞械瑘諚誹玊耶馨细鰈廜孧嘔勊梃趎绪趝譇黊譂怨鸏锈苘定瘾竀忇隼捳菳鑺抱礘助檇侜辮譏魏燷婷堩鄕咉蚄洝蔱霄氊扎舨箟鳕騦漰凖泌栌膷獫垐烪精嗜唠坨鳠輋繦偕崵睇羢述脕囈旊移榙眣譩獗駘髆协鞡蛙緓秆砡侷正忟蝛亠仲蕲梜沞牼仪葜纹朔噱肞旛輚媈嫚钿象煹俅滑俧杕藓輤骰盨窄嬶抔绫添犺媶鈦嗋欮脪啯米玈丢寪

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