1、心脏康复评定CARDIOVASCULAR EVALUATIONDR.Liang QiA PATIENT CASE EXAMPLE 1.Why are you here today?2.Have you been diagnosed with a cardiac disorder in the past?3.Have you had any special tests to examine your heart like an electrocardiogram,stress test,echocardiogram,or cardiac catheterization?4.Do you expe
2、rience angina or shortness of breath at rest,only with activity/exercise,or both at rest and with activity/exercise?5.If you experience angina or become short of breath during activity or exercise could you please describe the type of activity or exercise which produces your angina or shortness of b
3、reath?6.Can you describe your angina or shortness of breath?Can you help me understand your angina or shortness of breath by pointing to the numbers 1 through 4 to describe the level of angina you experience at rest and exercise or by pointing to your level of shortness of breath using this 10-point
4、 scale or by marking this visual analog scale?7.Could I feel your pulse to determine your heart rate and the strength of your pulse?8.Could I place this finger probe on your index finger to obtain an oxygen saturation measurement?9.Could I place these electrodes on your chest to obtain a simple sing
5、le-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)?10.Could I take your blood pressure while you are seated and then compare it to the blood pressure while you are lying down and then standing?I would also like to observe your pulse,oxygen saturation,ECG,and symptoms when you are lying down and standing.11.Could I list
6、en to your heart and lungs with my stethoscope?While I do this I will concentrate on watching your ECG so that I can identify your heart sounds and any changes in the ECG while you are breathing deeply when listening to your lungs.12.Could I place 1 of my hands on your stomach and 1 hand on your upp
7、er chest to determine how you breathe?13.Could I place my hands on the lowermost ribs on each side of your chest to determine how you breathe?14.Could I place my hands on your back to determine how you breathe?15.Could I wrap my tape measure around your chest at several different sites to determine
8、how you breathe?16.Now that I understand some very basic information about the manner in which you breathe could you please breathe in the manner I instruct you via sounds I make,pressure from my hands,methods I show to you,or different body positions?I will occasionally place my hands on your chest
9、 and wrap my tape measure around your chest to determine how you breathe during these simple tests and I will ask you to identify your level of shortness of breath using the 10-point scale or visual analog scaleIs this ok with you?17.Could I measure the strength of your breathing muscle by having yo
10、u place this mouthpiece in your mouth and breathe in and out as deeply and as forcefully as you are able?18.I would like you to now perform the activity or exercise which produces your angina or shortness of breath.Could you please do this now?Thank you for giving me the chance to examine you today.
11、I will call your physician to get some more information about you like electrocardiogram,echocardiogram and pulmonary function tests that you said were performed last week as well as the arterial blood gas results,chest X-ray,and exercise test results.Physical Therapy Examination Medical Information
12、 and Risk Factor Analysis listening to the patients past history and primary complaints is critical in the examination process.Examinations of Patient Appearance categorized by specific signs and symptoms Angina-Methods To Evaluate Angina from Nonanginal Pain If a suspected anginal pain changes(incr
13、eases or decreases)with breathing,palpation in the painful area,or movement of a joint(ie,shoulder flexion and abduction)it is very likely that the pain is NOT angina.Angina-Methods To Evaluate Angina from Nonanginal Pain it can be worsened by physical exercise or activity.Therefore,if the suspected
14、 anginal pain is unchanged with the previously cited maneuvers and the pain occurred with exertion,it is SUSPECT for angina.If the suspected anginal pain is unchanged by these maneuvers,if the pain occurred with exertion,and if the pain decreases or subsides with rest,it is very likely that the pain
15、 IS angina.Finally,if the suspected pain decreases or subsides with nitroglycerin,it is even more likely that the pain IS angina.Other Symptoms of Heart Disease dyspnea Fatigue Dizziness Light headedness Palpitations a sense of impending doom Examinations of Patient Appearance skin color of the peri
16、pheral extremities.Pale or cyanotic skin in the legs,feet,arms,and fingers is associated with poor cardiovascular function.Examinations of Patient Appearance Diagonal earlobe crease.This phenomenon has been investigated for many years and recently was once again found to be highly predictive of hear
17、t disease Anthropometric measurements body weight finger pressure on an edematous area Girth measurements skin-fold caliper measurements calculation of the body mass index measure the percentage of body fat and lean muscle massJugular venous distension it is often due to right-sided heart failure.Pa
18、lpation of the Radial Pulse Palpation of the radial pulse can provide important information about the status of the cardiovascular system.Measurement of the Systolic Blood Pressure and Pulse During Breathing and Simple Perturbations of the Breathing Cycle Measurement of the Systolic and Diastolic Bl
19、ood Pressure and Pulse in Different Body PositionsTo Determine the Status of the Cardiovascular System observation of a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure without a subsequent increase in heart rate when changing body position from supine to standing is considered a positive sign for
20、autonomic nervous system dysfunction.To Determine theHealth of the Cardiovascular System A cardiovascular system that responds rapidly to body position change is likely in a better state of health than a cardiovascular system that responds sluggishly.Both an unchanged or decreased heart rate after s
21、tanding for 30 seconds(compared to the heart rate at 15 seconds)is suggestive of autonomic dysfunction.a sluggish or hypoadaptive(less than normal)heart rate and blood pressure response during a change in body position supine to standing should be considered abnormal and suggestive of an unhealthy c
22、ardiovascular system.a more adaptive rapid increase in heart rate and blood pressure after moving from a supine to standing position(approximately 30 seconds)is likely associated with a healthier cardiovascular systemExamination of the Pulse and Arterial Blood PressureDuring Functional Tasks and Exe
23、rcise Frequent monitoring of the heart rate and blood pressure may be the best way to examine the safety of exercise and help to establish guidelines and procedures for functional or exercise training.an increase in the diastolic blood pressure when the diastolic blood pressure should be decreased(o
24、r low)is a strong indicator of cardiovascular dysfunction.Potential indirect measures of cardiac function Symptoms and functional classification Cold,pale,and possibly cyanotic extremities Jugular venous distension and peripheral edema Heart sounds Pulse Electrocardiography Blood pressureStandard me
25、asurement of cardiac function Cardiac catheterization Echocardiography Swan-Gans catheterization Central venous pressure Cardiac enzymes ANP and BNP Radiologic evidenceExercise TestingIndications for Exercise Testing:Indications for Exercise Testing:Diagnosis of Coronary Artery DiseaseDiagnosis of C
26、oronary Artery Disease Assessment of Prognosis in Coronary Artery Assessment of Prognosis in Coronary Artery DiseaseDisease Evaluation of Functional CapacityEvaluation of Functional Capacity Evaluation of Therapy for Coronary DiseaseEvaluation of Therapy for Coronary Disease Determination of Exercis
27、e PrescriptionDetermination of Exercise PrescriptionAbsolute Contraindications to Exercise Testing Acute MI(within 2 days)High-risk unstable angina Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias Active Endocarditis Severe aortic stenosis Decompensated heart failure Acute pulmonary embolus or infarction,DVT Acute
28、noncardiac disorder affecting or aggravated by exercise Acute myocarditis,pericarditis Physical disability precludes safe and adequate test Inability to obtain consentRelative Contraindications to Exercise Testing Left main coronary stenosis or equivalent Moderate aortic valvular stenosis(?)Electrol
29、yte disorder Tachyarrhythmias or Bradyarrhythmias Atrial fibrillation with uncontrolled ventricular response Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy(?gradient)Mental impairment leading to inability to cooperate High-degree AV blockECG Lead Placement for Exercise TestingProtocols for Exercise TestingBlood Pressu
30、re Responses:Exercise Testing Dependency on cardiac output and peripheral resistance Normal responses:Increase in SBP(20-30 mmHg)No change or fall in DBP Inadequate rise in SBP:Myocardial ischemia,severe LV systolic dysfunction,aortic or LVOT obstruction,drug therapy(-blockers)Exercise-Induced Hypot
31、ension(10 mmHg below baseline)Severe myocardial ischemia(50%positive predictive value for left main or 3-vessel disease),valvular heart disease,cardiomyopathy no evidence of clinically significant heart disease(dehydration,antihypertensive therapy,prolonged strenuous exercise)Heart Rate Response to
32、Exercise Testing Accelerated Heart Rate Response:Deconditioning,prolonged bed rest,anemia,metabolic disorders,conditions associated with decreased blood volume or low systemic vascular resistance,autonomic insufficency Chronotropic incompetence:Inadequate exercise effort,drug therapy(-blockers),Prog
33、nostic Significance:(Peak HR-Resting HR)/(220-age-Resting HR)0.80(Lauer,1999)Peak HR 1.0 mm)in leads without Q-waves(other than V1 or aVR)Drop in systolic blood pressure 10 mmHg(persistently below baseline)despite an increase in workload,when accompanied by any other evidence of ischemia Moderate to
34、 severe angina(grades 3-4)Central nervous system symptoms(ataxia,dizziness,near syncope)Signs of poor perfusion(cyanosis or pallor)Sustained ventricular tachycardia Technical difficulties monitoring the ECG or systolic BP Patients request to stopRelative Indications for Termination of an Exercise Te
35、st ST changes(horizontal or downsloping 2 mm)or marked axis shift Drop in systolic blood pressure 10 mmHg(persistently below baseline)despite an increase in workload,in the absence of other evidence of ischemia and no presyncopal symptoms Increasing chest pain Fatigue,shortness of breath,wheezing,le
36、g cramps,or claudication Hypertensive response(SBP 250 mmHg and/or DBP 115 mmHg)Development of bundle-branch block(LBBB)that cannot be distinguished from ventricular tachycardia;?Evidence of anterior ischemia Arrhythmias other than sustained ventricular tachycardia(frequent multifocal PVCs,ventricul
37、ar triplets,SVT,heart block,or bradyarrhythmias)General Appearance(diaphoresis,peripheral cyanosis)Criteria for Reading ST-Segment Changes on the Exercise ECGST DEPRESSION:Measurements made on 3 consecutive ECG complexes!ST level is measured relative to the P-Q junction 3 key measurements(P-Q juncti
38、on,J-point,60-80msec after J-point-use 60 msec for HR 130 bpm When J-point is depressed relative to P-Q junction at baseline:Net difference from the J junction determines the amount of deviation When the J-point is elevated relative to P-Q junction at baseline and becomes depressed with exercise:Mag
39、nitude of ST depression is determined from the P-Q junction and not the resting J pointCriteria for Reading ST-Segment Changes on the Exercise ECG ST ELEVATION:60 msec after J point in 3 consecutive ECG complexesCriteria for Abnormal and Borderline ST-Segment Depression on the Exercise ECG ABNORMAL:
40、1.0 mm or greater horizontal or downsloping ST depression at 60 msec after J point on 3 consecutive ECG complexes BORDERLINE:0.5 to 1.0 mm horizontal or downsloping ST depression at 60 msec after J point on 3 consecutive ECG complexes 2.0 mm or greater upsloping ST depression at 60 msec after J poin
41、t on 3 consecutive ECG complexesMorphology of ST-Segment Deviation during Exercise TestingValue of Right-Sided ECG Leads during Exercise Testing for the Diagnosis of CADHorizontal ST-segment Depression during Exercise TestingDownsloping ST-Segment Depression during Exercise TestingST-Segment Depress
42、ion in Early Recovery Period after Exercise TestingUpsloping ST-Segment Depression during Exercise TestingMorphology of ST-Segment Depression Predicts Severity of Coronary Artery Disease(Goldschlager,1976)Exercise-Induced ST-Segment Elevation with Prior Anterior Myocardial InfarctionExercise-Induced
43、 ST-Segment Elevation in the Setting of Prior Inferolateral MIExercise-Induced Anterior ST-Segment Elevation as Reflection of LAD IschemiaIndications for Exercise Testing in the Diagnosis of Obstructive Coronary Disease CLASS I:CLASS I:Adult patients(including those with RBBB or less than 1 mm or Ad
44、ult patients(including those with RBBB or less than 1 mm or resting ST-depression)with an intermediate pretest probability resting ST-depression)with an intermediate pretest probability of CAD,based on gender,age,and symptomsof CAD,based on gender,age,and symptoms CLASS IIa:CLASS IIa:Patients with v
45、asospastic anginaPatients with vasospastic angina CLASS IIb:CLASS IIb:Patients with a high pretest probability of CAD by age,Patients with a high pretest probability of CAD by age,symptoms,and gendersymptoms,and gender Patients with a low pretest probability of CAD by age,symptoms,Patients with a lo
46、w pretest probability of CAD by age,symptoms,and genderand gender Patients with less than 1 mm of baseline ST depression and Patients with less than 1 mm of baseline ST depression and taking digoxintaking digoxin Patients with ECG criteria of LVH and less than 1 mm St-Patients with ECG criteria of L
47、VH and less than 1 mm St-depressiondepressionPre-test Probability of CAD by Age,Gender,and Symptoms Typical/Definite Angina Pectoris Age 30-39 MenIntermediate(10-90%)Women Intermediate Age 40-49 MenHigh(90%)Women Intermediate Age 50-59 MenHigh Women Intermediate Age 60-69 MenHigh Women High Pre-test
48、 Probability of CAD by Age,Gender,and Symptoms Atypical/Possible Angina Pectoris:Age 30-39 MenIntermediate Women Very Low(5%)Age 40-49 MenIntermediate Women Low(75%stenosis,3.5%3-vessel or left main disease Intermediate Risk score:34.9%CAD 75%stenosis,12.4%3-vessel or left main disease High Risk Sco
49、re:89.2%CAD 75%stenosis,46%3-vessel or left main diseaseRisk Assessment and Prognosis with Exercise Testing in Patients with Symptoms and Prior History of CAD Class I:Patient undergoing initial evaluation with suspected or known CAD including those with complete RBBB and less than 1 mm of resting EC
50、G(exceptions-Class IIb)Patients with suspected or know CAD previously evaluated,now presenting with significant change in clinical status Low-risk acute coronary syndrome patients 8-12 hours after presentation who have been free of active ischemia or heart failure symptoms(Level of Evidence=B)Interm
