1、目录名词 1代词 2动词 3形容词 副词 3介词 5宾语从句 5冠词 6连词 6数词 7句子成分 8动词的时态 9动词的语态 10直接引语和间接引语 11动词的语气 12非谓语动词 12陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句 13 强调句型 14倒装 14 定语从句（形容词性从句） 14交际用语 15作文常用的过渡词 15不规则动词表 16名 词名词：人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词.专有名词Mary (s) Beijing个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称 (大写)普通名词可数个体名词 book man (有单复数之分)集体名词 family police不可数物质名词 water sand抽象名
2、词 happiness help可数名词由单数变复数的方法如下：一 不规则变化:manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese,footfeet, toothteeth,若是(wo)man构成的词组,则两个名词都要变复数:two men doctors考考你：What are the _(男学生)doing there?二 单复同形:fishfish, sheepsheep, deerdeer, meansmeans, seriesseries, ChineseChinese, JapaneseJapanese三 规则变化:加smap
3、maps, boyboys, horsehorses, GermanGermans(德国人).s,x ,ch,sh结尾的词加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishes以o结尾的词有生命的加eshero potato tomato“英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”无生命的加spiano radio zoo photo bamboo(（竹子,特殊）以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i,再加esfamilyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为v,再加eselfelves, wolfwolves, li
4、felives, knifeknives. 连字符类的名词短语不用复数,也不加s. Good news!Well have a threeday holiday.=three days holiday不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词。其构成法如下：(1) 表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s
5、。如：Mothers Day, my sisters book(2) 有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper, ten minutes break, Chinas population.(3) 以s结尾的复数名词只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)(4) 不规则的复数名词则加s。Womens Day(5) 无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party a map of the world a friend of mine
6、=one of my friends a son of my sisters2、 注解： s 还可表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts (house), the doctors (office), the tailors (shop),the Greens(home) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室) the+姓氏复数：表示一家人 the Greens代 词一 人称代词 （8）主格Iyouhesheitwe youthey作主语,多在句首宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem作宾语,
7、在动/介词之后,在句中/末顺序:你他我; 我们你们他们; 名词人称代词 人称代词其它代词人称代词可作回答问题或下文的替代语。 it (可指人) 身份 性别不明的人或婴儿。二 物主代词 （8）形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir后必+名词名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs后不+名词三 反身代词 （8） 多在help by enjoy for之后 （主宾语为同一内容时就用反代来作宾语）myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves四 指示代
8、词 （4） 指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。this these that those五 疑问代词(引导特殊疑问句) （5） who whom whose which what六 关系代词(引导定语从句) （6） who whose whom which that as七 连接代词(引导名词性从句) （5） who whose whom which what that八 相互代词1)宾格 each other （两者） one another （3者） 2)所有格 each others one anothers九 不定代词 代替或修饰不特指的人或事物的代词叫不定代
9、词。复合不定代词 （12）something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, 后+adj./ elsenothing, nobody, no one, everything, everyone, everybody. 后不+ of短语可数 （10）each one(s) many (a) few another both either neither不可数 （4 ）much (a) little a bit of可/不可 （7 ）all some any none such other(s)Not 与everyone, everyt
10、hing, everybody, each, both, all 连用时表示半否定。The exam is very easy.Yes,but not everyone can pass it.How many/much?-None. Who?-Nobody./No one. What.?-Nothing. one (可名单) 与 it (可名单 +不可名) one 指同一类 it 指同一个作形式主/宾语 比较状语从句 that (可名单 +不可名) those (复数名)The climate of Kunming is better than that of Beijing. The st
11、udents in Class 5 are cleverer than those in Class 3.ones（可名复） I want to try on those blue ones.another 3中的任意一个（可名单）【买东西时的常用语】 onethe other 一个另一个 any other+可名单 其它任何一个 someothers 一些另一些 somethe others 一些另一些(剩下的全部) 再来四个苹果 another four apples=four apples more=four more apples都之一都不每个任意一个2botheitherneithe
12、reacheither3all anynoneeach / everyany+动复单单单单动词的种类动词是表示动作或状态的词,动词具有时态、语态、语气和人称、数的变化.从是否被主语限定看可分为二类:(一)谓语动词; (二)非谓语动词:不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词.从含义上来看可分为四类:一 实义动词(行为动词):作谓语,后不可加形容词及物动词 vt.:后必加宾语; 不及物动词 vi.:后不能加宾语.可用于句末或在其后加状语。The fly spreads disease. The news spreads quickly.二 (连)系动词:用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态、性质特征或身
13、份.后加形容词/名词作表语. 无被动语态 look smell sound taste seem 一觉一是五变成两保持:feel be become/get/go/grow/turn keep/stay三 助动词:无实际意义,帮助构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,或构成疑问、否定式.(多数情况下不需要翻译出来)be(am/is/are, was/were, been, being) have/has/had do/does/did shall/should will/wouldShe will go abroad next year. I havent seen my parents for
14、ages. She doesnt do housework every day.四 情态动词:本身不表示行为或状态,有一定意义,无人称、数的变化,只表说话人对动作或状态的态度,语气和情态,和动原一起构成谓语, 将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式，在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。can/could may/might shall/should will/would must need need 既可作情态动词也可作实义动词：情态动词（多用在否 疑句中） 实义动词 （多用在肯定句中） I need to go at once. I neednt go at once.=I dont nee
15、d to go at once.情态动词一 表推测的:肯定句中: must, can, could, may, might 否定句中: cant 疑问句: canYou must be joking.=You cant be serious.二 熟悉情态动词委婉用法：could, would, might等情态动词均有委婉用法，它们不是过去式而是表示语气委婉、客气、礼貌，常用与疑问句，并多用于习惯表达， might和could表示征求对方意见时，回答必须还成may, can.三 弄清情态动词的异化现象有些表“征求意见”的情态动词用于疑问句，在对其进行回答时，出现了异化现象，此时回答问题时不能继
16、续使用问句中的原情态动词，而改用别的情态动词。 情态动词含义肯定回答否定回答can/ could可以cancantmay/ might可以may/canmustnt /cantmust/ need必须/ 需要mustneednt=dont have to 没有必要May/Might I use this dictionary? - Yes, please. / Certainly. May we swim in this lake? - No, you mustnt. Its too dangerous. Must we finish the work tomorrow? - No, you
17、neednt (dont have to), but you must finish it in three days. 形容词 副词 the+形容词:表示一类人或表示一种抽象概念或品质, the poor the beautiful 副词:1 修饰动 形 副 介词短语或整个句子,用来作状语.2 分类: 时间地点方式程度疑问连接关系频度说明 ( 时地方程疑 连关频说明 )3 顺序:方式地点时间 (时间可提至句首) 先小后大1. 形容词，副词比较级和最高级的概念。形容词和副词可以靠改变形式来表示程度的不同。我们把这种变化形式叫做比较等级。要比较两个或两个以上的人或物时，就必须用形容词的比较级和最
18、高级。形容词、副词有三个级：原级(Positive Degree)，比较级(Comparative Degree)和最高级(Superlative Degree)。2. 若比较对象一致,当被比双方的定语不同时,需使用单词that,those.The climate of Kunming is better than that of Beijing. The students in Class 5 are cleverer than those in Class 3.3. 降级比较:less+原级+thanToday is less cold than yesterday. Art is les
19、s important than music.4. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级说 明例 词单音节词少数双音节词词尾加er ,est一般情况加er, estsmaller,smallest以e 结尾加r,stlarger,largest辅元辅结构双写末字母，加er,estfat,hot,big,thin,red,wet,sad,glad以辅音字母+y 结尾的双音节词变y为i，再加er,estbusier,busiest/friendlier,friendliest以ow, er, le结尾的双音节词加er ,estnarrower,narrowestcleverer,clevest/ simp
20、ler,sipmlest多数双音节所有多音节的词词前 more mostslowly, tired, worried, excitingbeautiful, important5. 几个特殊的形容词和副词原 级比 较 级最 高 级bad, ill, badlyworseworstmany, muchmoremostgood, wellbetterbestfarfarther 较远(指距离)further 进一步(指程度)farthest最远(指距离)furthest 最深(指程度)oldolder较旧,年龄较大elder 较年长(elder brother/sister) (不与than 连用
21、)oldest 最旧,年龄最大eldest 最年长littlelessleast合二为一有三对，“病 坏” “两多” 并 “两好” 一分为二有两个：一个“远”来一个“老” 还有一词双含义 只记“少”来别记“小”。例句:Marys_sister is _than me.(old) Im too tired to walk any_.(far) If you need_help,write to me.(far)6. 比较级结构的修饰语原级前just,quite,too,so,very,really,fairly,rather,enough,almost(nearly),倍数,分数,百分数John
22、 is almost as tall as you.Our room is twice as big as yours.比较级前any,much,still,even,far,rather, a lot,a bit,a little, 岁数,倍数,分数,百分数Its cold this year,but it was even colder last year.He is three years older than I (am) / me.最高级前the+序数词one of+最高级+名词复数Hainan Island is the second largest island in China
23、.Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.7. 比较级和最高级的常用句型 名 称句 型例 句相 等(同级比较)as+原形+as (前者和后者一样)The train travels as fast as that one (does).I think science is as important as math.not as(so) + 原形+ as (前者不如后者 )He doesnt have as /so much money as his friend.She is not as (so)beautiful
24、 as her sister.两者间比较比较级+ than (更)Health is more important than wealth.the +比较级+of the two(两者中较的一个)He is the taller of the two.She is the more beautiful of the two.程度递增 er and er，more and more+原级 (越来越)higher and higher Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.Kelsey drives more and more carefull
25、y.两种情况同时变化the+比较级(+句子),the+比较级(+句子)（越, 越）The more,the better. The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes youll make.3（之中最）(the)+最高级+of(among)/in+短语Of all the students,Jim is the tallest.She is the tallest girl in our class.否定词+比较级 (=最高级)最不过, 最His work couldnt be worse. I couldnt agree more.Nothing
26、tastes better. It couldnt be better.8. a/an+最高级的意思是“非常,在很大程度上” (=very) Its a most important question.它是个非常重要的问题.Its the most important question.(在这几个当中)它是最重要的问题.9. 比较级形式最高级概念:形式上是比较级的句子,意思则是最高级.Chongqing is bigger than any city in Japan. Chongqing is bigger than any other city in China. Chongqing is
27、 bigger than any city in China . ( 重庆包含在中国之内,不能自己跟自己比 ).He jumps higher than any girl student. He jumps higher than any student. Jack is taller than any other student in his class.=Jack is taller than anyone/anybody else in his class.=Jack is taller than any of the other students in his class.=Jack
28、is taller than the other students in his class.=Jack is the tallest student in his class. 10. 最高级前有物主代词时,也不用加the. Lucy is my best friend.11. 最高级的三种句型(形的最高级常加 the,而副词前不用加).最高级+in短语(环境范围,前后不是同一概念)He is the tallest boy in his class. He ran fastest in the team.In our family,mother is the busiest person.
29、of/among短语(对象范围,前后是同一概念)He is the tallest boy of all the students.Among the trees,it is the shortest one.句子He is the tallest boy (that) Ive seen.介 词( 后多+v-ing )about above across after against along among around as 作为 像 at at the back of beforebehind below beside besides between but by down during e
30、xcept for from in （in the sun） in (the) front of inside into like near next to of off on outside over since than through to under until up with有 和 用 伴随 within without worth 价值；值得 四“用”by交通工具I go to school by bus.in语言/材料Say it in English. Write it in ink.on电器/媒介I like talking with my friends on the ph
31、one .with具体的工具/人体部位Can you open the door with this key? We hear with ears.宾语从句宾语从句就是指跟在实义动词(或介词)后面的一个句子.主句+(that)+主+动+ (其它)I dont know that he is your teacher. Im afraid that I have a mistake.特殊疑问词(组)I wonder how old he is. Can you tell me whats the matter?if/whetherShe wants to know if you will go
32、there tomorrow.注:实义动词+宾从 ask/tell+人+宾从 介词+宾从 少数形容词+宾从 宾语从句可改为主句+特殊疑问词+to do的形式 I dont know what I should/can do.=I dont know what to do. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身情况，可使用不同时态。例如： I know (that) he studies English every day. I know (that) he studied English last term. I know (that) he will study Eng
33、lish next year. I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. 当主句动词是过去时态（could, would表请求时除外）从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时等；例如： The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America Could you tell me where the school is?当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。Our science teacher said the earth trav
34、els the sun. / light travels much faster than sound.what,who,which 既可作特殊疑问词又可作句子的主语.He asked me what was the matter? He asked me which was his school? I asked her who did her homework.比较：Could you tell me where she_(be)? He said he_(can)ride a bike at the age of 8. I know why she didnt go there. I k
35、now why she went there.真题解析：-Do you know the man under the tree? -I dont know_.A.what he is B.what is he C.who he is D.who is he做题方法: 看顺序 查时态 找答语 冠 词放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用一 不定冠词 a an用在单数可数名词的前面,a用在辅音音素开头的词前面; an用在元音音素开头的词的前面 某一类人或事物,并将其与其它类的人或物区别分开; 表示“一”的意思,与one 相当,但语气稍弱; 在序数词前,表数量或序数的增加 a thi
36、rd time(暗示在之前已有两次); 几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit, a little, a few, a lot , a kind of, a pair of二 定冠词 the前面已提到过的; 双方心目中都知的; 特指的 世上独一无二的事物; 专有名词前; 形容词最高级前; 序数词前; 乐器; 习惯用语; 在姓氏前表示一家人或夫妻两人; 部分形容词前表示一类人或一种抽象概念或品质: the poor the beautiful三 零冠词(不用冠词)：(1) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at Peoples Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)(2)
37、 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995. (4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5)三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)(6)节、假日前一般不用。如：On Childrens Day
38、the boys often get presents from their parents.(7)球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)(8) 一些习惯用语中不用。如： at / to / from / out of / after / for school; 连 词一 从属连词(引导从句)1 引导状语从句:类 别引 导 词类 别引 导 词（一）时间when,as,while,after,before,till (until), since ,as soon as （二）地点where（二）原因because, since, as （四）目的in order that, so that（五）条件if, unless（六）结果so ( )that, such( )that,that（七）让步(al)though, as, while, even if (though), whether or,what(
