1、高中英语学习材料（灿若寒星*制作整理）一、基本概念（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的
2、不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topi
3、cs are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a p
4、erson as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they argued about
5、 was settled at last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用 that。 先行词是最高级形容词
6、或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行词是 all, mu
7、ch, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little money (that)
8、 he had was stolen.（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行词是those时。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic clot
9、h.（四）其它情况 先行词既有人又有物时。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（五）与whose有关的问题 whose
10、是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The building,
11、of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。
12、介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如： 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确：These are the
13、sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如： Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students wh
14、o use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。that与which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, fe
15、w等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered have been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is th
16、e only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2. I like the person to wh
17、om the teacher is talking.3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.二、语法知识拓展（一）选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子补充完整。1. Rice is a plant _ is grown in the south.2. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.3. All _ glitters is not gold.4. This is the only way leads t
18、o your success.5. Both the girl and her dog were crossing the street were hit by a coming car.6. This is the biggest building _we have ever built in our school.7. This is the second school _ I used to work at, and many students there still have contact with me.8. There is a mountain _ top is always
19、covered with snow.9. You can take any seat _ is free.10. Could you tell me from _ you borrowed this book?（二）用定语从句合并下列句子1. The lady is a film star. You took a photo of the lady yesterday._2. Whats the address of the factory? We noticed the advertisement of the factory the other day._3. This is the st
20、adium He often goes to the stadium on Sundays. _4. A professor is going to give us a speech this Friday afternoon. He has been working on environmental protection. _5. He hasnt got enough money. He can buy a laptop with the money. _（三）单项填空1. Who is the woman is sweeping the floor over there?A. who B
21、. / C. that D. when 2. The doctor is leaving for Africa next month.A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking 3. He talked about a hero no one had ever heard. A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who4. Have you read the book
22、 I lent to you? A. that B. whom C. when D. whose5. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom6. Recently I bought a second-hand car was very low.A. which price B. the price of whoseC. its price D. whose price7. Lil
23、y, is Helen _ you want to introduce me to?A. that B. who C. whom D. the girl8. The professors talked with us about the beautiful schools and the experienced teachers _ they had seen.A. that B. who C. which D. what9. This is the only bus _ goes to the village school.A. / B. that C. where D. it10. Is
24、there a shop around _sells China Daily?A. who B. where C. in which D. which11. She was the only one of the girls in our class _ accepted as candidate for the president of our Students Union.A. who was B. who were C. who has been D. who have been12. She is no longer the sweet little girl _ she used t
25、o be.A. what B. who C. when D. that13. Is this singer _ songs you like best?A. whos B. whose C. which D the one whose14. He got angry with _ was against his opinion.A. who B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who15. Anyone _with what I said may raise your hand.A. which agreesB. who agree C. who agree
26、s D. which agree16. Thats the dog _.A. weve been looking after B. after which weve been lookingC. what weve been looking after D. weve been taking care for17. This is the last time _ Ill give you a lesson.A. when B. that C. what D. as18. The family _ I stayed with in Paris are coming to London.A. wh
27、ose B. which C. what D. whom19. This is the very knife _ I used to cut apples yesterday.A. that B. by which C. which D. with which20. China has many rivers, _ the Yangtze River is the longest.A. which B. in which C. among which D. one of which21. The use they are _ the waste helps to save a lot of m
28、oney.A. made ofB. made fromC. making up ofD. making of22. That tree, the branches _ are almost bare, is a very old one.A. whose B. in which C. of which D. of it23. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. thatB. who C. from whom D. to whom24. What is the way Smit
29、h thought of _ enough money to buy the new house?A. getting B. having got C. being got D. to get25. Jack spent as much time as he could _ over his lessons.A. going B. went C. go D. to go 26. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. when D. of which27.
30、 I am impressed by the fact that he makes good use of every minute _ he can spare. A. that B. in which C. in that D. when28. This is the last time _ I will write to you. A. when B. that C. what D. as29. I dont like the way _ he spoke to me. A. what B. by which C. by that D. /30. The train _ he was t
31、raveling was delayed for more than an hour. A. by which B. on which C. for which D. on that（四）改错1. Is this museum you visited a few days ago?_2. The girl which is standing next to our teacher is her daughter._3. He rushed to help the man his car was trapped in the mud._4. All which is need is supply
32、 of oil._5. This is the best film which I have seen this year._6. The cake you made it yesterday was very delicious._7. Do you know the man wrote the letter? _8. Who is the great man who saved my boy? _9. Here are the patients after whom you will look. _10. This is all the money with that he can buy
33、 a Christmas present for his mother. _（五）真题回顾1. We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in rural areas. (2008上海)A. whichB. whoseC. in whichD. with which2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆)A. with wh
34、ichB. to whichC. of whichD. for which3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man _ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people. (2008江西)A. in which B. for whichC. so that D. in that4. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language di
35、fferent from _ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江) A. what B. that C. which D. one5. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that6. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffe
36、e a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. (2006北京)A. who, /B. /; whoC. who, whoD. /; /7. The Beatles _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津)A. whatB. thatC. howD. as8. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors
37、days to reach. (2006上海) A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what9. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.（ 2006 重庆卷） A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which10. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ ro
38、of is under repair. (2006福建)A. whoseB. whichC. of whichD. that11. Mom, what did your doctor say? - He advised me to live _ the air is fresher. (2006四川)A. in whereB. in whichC. the place whereD. where12. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _ they are bein
39、g trained. (2005江西)A. in thatB. for thatC. in whichD. for which13. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. (2004全国)A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which14. George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004全国) A. the re
40、al name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name15. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. (2004辽宁)A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that参考答案（一）选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子补充完整。1. that/which 2. who 3. that 4. that 5. that 6. (that) 7. (that) 8. whose 9. that 10. whom（二）用定语从句合并下列句子1. The lady (that/who/whom) you took a photo of yesterday is a film star.2. Whats the address of the factory whose advertisemen
