1、(Part)Shoulder disorders mainly involve rotator cuff diseases and shoulder instability.For rotator cuff diseases,routine shoulder MR imaging as the first choice can solve most of the problems in practice.For shoulder instability and related glenoid labrum lesions,shoulder MR arthrography is the firs
2、t selection for evaluation肩关节常见病变主要为肩袖相关病变和肩关节不稳定。对于肩袖相关病变，肩关节MRI 常规扫描可作为首选；对于肩关节不稳定和盂唇病变，则一般首选肩关节MRI 造影进行评价。Rotator cuffRotator cuff tendons diseasetendons disease肩袖肌腱病Rotator cuffRotator cuff teartear肩袖撕裂SubscapularisSubscapularis rupture rupture肩胛下肌断裂AcromioclavicularAcromioclavicular joint disea
3、se joint disease肩锁关节病The sub-The sub-acromialacromial shoulder impingement syndrome shoulder impingement syndrome肩峰下撞击综合征SLAPSLAP病变（上盂唇前后向撕裂）BankartBankart病变HAGLHAGL病变（盂肱下韧带肱骨部撕脱）Labrum cyst Labrum cyst 盂唇囊肿Adhesive Adhesive capsulitiscapsulitis joints joints粘连性关节囊炎Shoulder joint Shoulder joint oste
4、oarthrosisosteoarthrosis肩关节骨关节病Etiology pathology Etiology pathology 病因病理：Excessive use,lead to degeneration and tear of rotator Excessive use,lead to degeneration and tear of rotator cuff cuff 过度使用导致肩袖的退行性变和撕裂Most often in impingementMost often in impingement最常继发于撞击综合征Can occur inCan occur in patie
5、nts with collagen vascular diseasepatients with collagen vascular disease可发生于胶原血管病患者Can be acute,but more often repeated attacks on the Can be acute,but more often repeated attacks on the basis of the already suffer from tendon diseasebasis of the already suffer from tendon disease可急性发生，但更常在已患有肌腱病的基
6、础上反复发作Tendon thickening,hardening;Partial or total Tendon thickening,hardening;Partial or total disruption;Some tear on slippery bursa,articular disruption;Some tear on slippery bursa,articular surface or in the stromasurface or in the stroma肌腱增厚、硬化；部分或完全中断；部分撕裂可在滑囊面、关节面或间质中Collagen degeneration,but
7、 there is no inflammatory Collagen degeneration,but there is no inflammatory cells,chronic tendon can appear in fatty infiltrationcells,chronic tendon can appear in fatty infiltration胶原变性，但没有炎性细胞，慢性肌腱撕裂中可出现脂肪浸润 period:rotator cuff,especially hills tendon period:rotator cuff,especially hills tendon e
8、dema and hemorrhageedema and hemorrhage肩袖特别是岗上肌腱水肿和出血Tendonitis Tendonitis or inflammatory lesions,it is better to send in or inflammatory lesions,it is better to send in less than 25 years old young man.reversibleless than 25 years old young man.reversible肌腱炎或炎性病变，最好发于小于25岁的青年人,可逆.period:inflammati
9、on further progress and period:inflammation further progress and more fibrous tissue formationmore fibrous tissue formation炎症进一步进展及更多的纤维组织形成Happens at 25Happens at 2545 years old.45 years old.好发于25-45岁。period:rotator cuff tear.period:rotator cuff tear.肩袖撕裂。Often occur Often occur in more than 45 yea
10、rs old.in more than 45 years old.常发于45岁以上。Best location:being is 1 cm,from the hills muscle to the greater Best location:being is 1 cm,from the hills muscle to the greater tuberosity attachment points(no vascular distribution).tuberosity attachment points(no vascular distribution).最好发部位：岗上肌距大结节附着点1c
11、m处（无血管分布）。On all pulseOn all pulse sequence,signals are increasedsequence,signals are increased在所有脉冲序列上，信号均增高Tendon thickening,signal not usually Tendon thickening,signal not usually homogeneoushomogeneous肌腱常常增厚、信号不均匀Partial tear,visible water signal in the Partial tear,visible water signal in the t
12、endons,but only partial tendon involvementtendons,but only partial tendon involvement 部分撕裂，在肌腱中可见水样信号，但只是部分肌腱受累Tendon full-thickness tear,liquid into tendon Tendon full-thickness tear,liquid into tendon fractures,with varying degrees of tendon fractures,with varying degrees of tendon retractionretra
13、ction肌腱全层撕裂，液体进入肌腱裂隙中，伴不同程度的肌腱回缩Tendon full-thickness tear of the chronic Tendon full-thickness tear of the chronic patients to merge muscle fat atrophypatients to merge muscle fat atrophy肌腱全层撕裂的慢性患者可合并肌肉脂性萎缩 Thin contrast sketch below outline of the rotator cuff(white arrow)薄的造影剂勾画出肩袖的下面轮廓（白长箭头），No
14、rmal joint capsule(black arrow),正常关节囊（黑箭头），axillary fossae(white triangle arrows).腋隐窝（白三角箭头）。Fig 1 Subdeltoidsubacromial bursitis.肩峰下滑囊炎。Coronal oblique MR images of the shoulder show fluid in the dilated subdeltoidsubacromial bursa(arrow head).常规MRI斜冠状位示肩峰下滑囊积液(箭头)；1A:SE T1W;1B:TSE T2W.Fig 2 Acromi
15、al morphology.肩峰形态。A.Shape of the Acromion.Type I,flat型，肩峰下表面为一平面；Type II,curved型，肩峰下表面为弧形凹面；Type III,hooked 型，肩峰下表面前部呈钩状突；B.Sagittal oblique image shows a Type II acromion and a degenerative spur at the anteroinferior edge of the acromion(arrow).MRI造影斜矢状位示肩峰前下缘的骨刺(箭)，型肩峰 Fig 3 Tendinitis.肩袖变性。Coron
16、al oblique MR images of the shoulder show the supraspinatus tendon is diffuse thickening,with intrasubstance intermediate signal on T1-weighted and T2-weighted MR images(arrow).常规MRI斜冠状位示冈上肌腱增粗，连续性好，T1W和T2W信号均增高(箭)4AFig 4:Bursal-sided partial thickness tear of the subscapularis.冈上肌腱上表面部分撕裂.4A:Obliqu
17、e coronal T2-weighted image shows partial disrupture of the bursal-sided tendon fibers(arrow).The articular-sided fibers are intact.常规MRI 斜冠状位FS T2W 示冈上肌腱止点处上表面部分撕裂，局部见液性高信号(箭)，伴肩峰下滑囊积液，下表面完整.4B:partial thickness tear of the subscapularis.Oblique coronal T2-weighted MR image shows partial discontinu
18、ity of the articular-sided tendon fi bers(arrow).The bursal-sided fi bers are intact.冈上肌腱下表面部分撕裂。常规MRI 斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱止点处下表面撕裂(箭)，信号增高，但上表面完整4B4C4DFig4C:Intratendinous partial thickness tear of the subscapularis.冈上肌腱腱内部分撕裂。Oblique coronal T2-weighted MR image shows abnormal intratendinous fluid accu
19、mulation(arrows).The bursal-sided and articular-sided fi bers are intact常规MRI 斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱止点处腱内限局液性高信号影(箭)，肌腱上下表面均完整.Fig4D:Articular-sided partial thickness tear of the subscapularis.冈上肌腱下表面部分撕裂。Oblique coronal T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows partial discontinuity of the articular-sided
20、fi bers(arrows),with contrast material leaking into the substance of the tendon,and intact bursal-sided fi bers.MRI造影斜冠状位示高信号对比剂进入冈上肌腱下表面(箭)，但未进入肩峰下滑囊Fig 5:Different MRI techniques for labral tear.盂唇撕裂对比。Fig5A:An axial routine MR image shows intact anteroinferior labrum.常规MRI 轴位示盂唇未见撕裂征象；Fig5B:An ax
21、ial MR arthrographic image demonstrates tear of the anteroinferior labrum(arrow).MRI造影轴位示前方盂唇撕裂(箭)5A5BPDWIT2WIMR arthrogramPDWI（质子加权像）：supraspinatus tendonobviously obviously irregular(long arrow);岗上肌肌腱明显不规则（长箭头所示）；T2WI：found similar signal,in line with the tear of the parts(long arrow);发现相似信号符合部分撕裂
22、（长箭头所示）；MR arthrogram（关节造影）：contrast agent into the shoulder sleeve material,but not falling down to the shoulder peak capsule(arrow),in addition,a small part of contrast agents,inserted near the shoulder sleeve(long arrow).造影剂进入肩袖实质内，但未沿伸到肩峰下滑囊（三角箭头所示），另外一小部分相连的造影剂插入邻近肩袖（长箭头所示）。PDWIT2WIMR arthrogra
23、mPDWI：rotator cuff essence,lack of limitations(long arrow);肩袖实质局限性缺失（长箭头所示）；T2WI：tear mouth increased signal(long arrow);撕裂口信号增高（长箭头所示）；MR arthrogram：contrast filling gaps of rotator cuff(long arrow),under the shoulder peak-deltoid in capsule(arrow).造影剂充填肩袖缺口（长箭头所示）、肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊（三角箭头所示）。Calcification
24、features tendonitis钙化性肌腱炎：tendon thickening,and often accompanied by signal decreases肌腱可增厚，并常伴有信号减低Within the tendon cyst肌腱内囊肿：tendon thickening,and on T2WI tumor cyst with partial rotator cuff tear肌腱增厚，且在T2WI上见囊肿合并部分肩袖撕裂In tendon fissure,visible in joint fluid,slippery bursa liquid filling or granu
25、lation tissue,on the FSE T2WI or SPAIR sequences is most clear在肌腱裂隙中可见充以关节液、滑囊液或肉芽组织，在FSE T2WI SPAIR序列中最清晰Tendon edges appear different degree of contraction and degeneration肌腱边缘出现不同程度的收缩和退行性变In patients with chronic tendon full-thickness tear can incorporate the fat of muscle atrophy慢性患者的肌腱全层撕裂可合并肌
26、肉的脂性萎缩Merger of synovial sac effusion under the shoulder peak合并肩峰下滑囊积液Occur between the front of the hills muscle tear or rotator cuff tear,easy to merge synovial sac effusion under beak有岗上肌前方撕裂和肩袖间撕裂时易合并喙下滑囊积液 Suspicious patients with rotator cuff tear,imaging examination,should be a comprehensive
27、observation of rotator cuff and the surrounding structure可疑肩袖撕裂的病人行影像学检查时需对肩袖及其周围结构作全面观察:Note that tear mouth size,affected the scope,edge cases,muscle atrophy and bone change and so on.注意撕裂口大小、肌腱受累范围、肌腱边缘情况、肌肉萎缩及骨骼改变等。Partial tendon according to tear thickness or depth into three degrees.部分性肌腱撕裂可按撕
28、裂厚度或深度分三度。度：3mm；度：3-6mm；度：6mm。Complete a tendon,according to the gap size is divided into four categories完全性肌腱撕裂据裂口大小分四类。2mm Mild tear轻度撕裂；2-4 Moderate tear中度撕裂；4-5mm Severe tear重度撕裂；5mm Giant tear巨型撕裂。0：Normally,a uniform low signal 正常，呈均匀一致的低信号1：Rotator cuff normal form,on T1WI or PDWI sequences s
29、howed diffuse or linear high signal肩袖形态正常，T1WI或PDWI上呈弥 漫性或线状高信号2：Shoulder sleeve,is thinning or irregular,and has high signal on T1WI or PDWI sequences肩袖变薄或不规则，T1WI或PDWI上呈高信号3：Rotator cuff signal on T2WI sequence increased and affected tendon layer T2WI上肩袖信号增高且累及肌腱全层Carrino,think rotator cuff tear i
30、s divided into seven degrees 肩袖撕裂分7级:0级：Tendon is normal肌腱正常；1级：Tendon(T1WI signal or PDWI)increased,the attachment points about 1 cm距附着点1cm肌腱信号（T1WI或PDWI）增高；2级：Tendonitis,increased signal on T2WI,but not involving the top of the shoulder joint(with Neer2 degree)肌腱炎，T2WI上信号增高，但未累及肩关节上面（同Neer2级）；3级：D
31、egeneration,one or more high signal on T2WI,and there is no enough to the torn part of diagnostic criteria退行性变，T2WI上一个或多个高信号区，未达部分撕裂诊断标准；4级：Part of tear,on T2WI sequence,tendon signal increased obviously,and affected tendon above or below部分撕裂，T2WI上肌腱信号明星增高，且累及肌腱上下面；5级：Tendon near full-thickness rupt
32、ure,but with a little muscle fiber complete肌腱近乎全层断裂，但有少许肌纤维完整；6级：Tendon full-thickness rupture,without tendon contracture肌腱全层断裂，无肌腱挛缩；7级：Tendon full-thickness rupture with tendon contracture.肌腱全层断裂伴肌腱挛缩。Tendonitis肌腱炎（1级）TIWITIWIT2WIRotator cuff tear肩袖撕裂（2级）Fig 3 Full thickness tear of the supraspina
33、tus.肩袖全层撕裂。Coronal oblique T2-weighted MR image shows the supraspinatus tendon becomes thicker,with abnormal high signal as intense as fl uid extending from the articular surface to the subacromial bursa surface(arrow)常规MRI斜冠状位FS T2W示冈上肌腱连续、增厚，其内部可见关节液样的高信号，累及肌腱全层(箭)Fig 4 Full thickness tear of the
34、supraspinatus.肩袖全层撕裂。Coronal oblique T2-weighted MR image shows the complete discontinuity and retraction of the tendon(arrow).MRI造影斜冠状位FS T2W 示冈上肌腱连续性中断，断端回缩(箭)5A5BFig 5:Full thickness tear of the supraspinatus.肩袖全层撕裂。A：Fig 6A:Coronal oblique T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows the complete di
35、scontinuity and retraction of the supraspinatus tendon(arrow),atrophy of the supraspinatus,and upward displacement of the humeral head.MRI造影斜冠状位，示冈腱连续性中断，断端(箭)回缩，同时伴有肌腱萎缩、肱骨头上移；B:Sagittal oblique T1-weighted MR arthrographic image shows the discontinuity of the rotator cuff and the presence of high
36、signal contrast material within the subacromial bursa(arrow).MRI 造影斜矢状位，示肩袖不完整，撕裂累及冈上肌腱和冈下肌腱，肩峰下滑囊内(箭)可见高信号对比剂Patients with secondary to anterior dislocation of shoulder joint,typically more than 40 years继发于肩关节前脱位，患者一般大于40岁Secondary to the rear of the shoulder joint dislocation,visible at any age继发于
37、肩关节后脱位，可见于任何年龄Tendon signal uneven;Tendon in see water signal;Different degree of tendon retraction.肌腱信号不均匀；肌腱中见水样信号；不同程度肌腱回缩。Plain radiographs,shows the humerus small tubercle fracture平片可见肱骨小结节骨折斜失 T1WI轴位MR arthrogramT1WI：Edge is clear,uniform low signal边缘清楚，均匀低信号0级：19Y，F，Arthroscopy has confirmed
38、the normal hills muscle tendon关节镜证实的正常岗上肌肌腱MR arthrogram：Complete tendon(arrow),no leakage of contrast media,head of biceps tendon is located in the central完整的肌腱（箭头），无造影剂渗漏，肱二头肌腱居中斜失 T1WI轴位MR arthrogramT1WI：Below the shoulder tendons head wear,higher signal,nodules is complete.肩胛下肌腱头磨损、信号增高，小结节完整。MR
39、 arthrogram：Below the shoulder tendon adhesion,substance within the focal increased signal(triangle arrows),head of biceps tendon show the subluxation.肩胛下肌腱附着处实质内局灶信号增高（三角箭头），肱二头肌腱半脱位。斜失 T1WI轴位MR arthrogramT1WI：Most of below the shoulder tendons(long arrow)is missing,the following small still attach
40、ed(arrow).肩胛下肌腱大部份（长箭头）缺失，下面小部分仍附着（箭头）。MR arthrogram：Below the shoulder tendons,small part is still attached to the nodules(arrows).肩胛下肌腱下面小部分仍附着于小结节（三角箭头）。斜失 T1WI轴位 MR arthrogramT1WI：Below the shoulder tendons completely missing(long arrow).肩胛下肌腱完全缺失（长箭头）。MR arthrogram：Below the shoulder tendons(wh
41、ite arrow)has moderate retraction.肩胛下肌腱（白箭头）已中度回缩斜失 T1WI MR arthrogram轴位MR arthrogramOblique sagittal:T1WI MR arthrogram：造影剂进入小结节（箭头）。Transverse MR arthrogram：造影剂进入小结节（箭头）。斜失 T1WI3级：68 Y，F.subscapularis head part fat atrophy(long arrow),the following muscle is normal.肩胛下肌头部部分脂肪萎缩（长箭头），下面肌肉正常。3级:43Y,M.Subscapularis almost entirely atrophy(arrow),fat instead of muscles.肩胛下肌几乎完全萎缩（箭头），脂肪代替肌肉。斜失 T1WIFig 7 Full thickness tear of the subscapularis.肩胛下肌腱全层撕裂。Axial MR arthrographic image shows the complete discontinuity and retraction of the tendon(arrow).MRI造影轴位，示肩胛下肌腱连续性中断，断端回缩(箭)
