1、牛津深圳版八年级上册英语期末复习语法总结目录1. any & some和复合不定代词2. 基数词和序数词3. 形容词的比较等级4. 形容词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化 asas结构5. 现在完成时6. 现在完成时since和for的用法 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别7. 条件句8. 情态动词should和had better的用法第一单元一、any & some和复合不定代词1. some some 意为“一些”，常用于肯定句，指不确定的数量或数目，修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词I have some questions to ask. 我要问一些问题There is some water in
2、 the bottle 瓶子里有一些水在疑问句中，当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答、想要鼓励对方或表达请求、建议时，也可以用someWould you like some banana? 你想要些香蕉吗？Could you give me some money? 你能给我一些钱吗？2. any意为“一些”时，用于否定句或一般疑问句。注意：hardly, never, seldom等具有否定意义的词后面要用any-Have you any bookmarks? 你有书签吗？-No, I dont have any bookmarks 不，我没有I hardly had any time to hav
3、e a rest 我几乎没有时间休息any用于肯定句时，通常要重读，意为“任何”，修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词Any time you want me, just send for me什么时候你需要我，随时叫我来Come any day you like只要你喜欢，随时可以来二、复合不定代词1.常用复合不定代词something某事物 somebody某人 someone某人anything某事/任何事 anybody某人/任何人 anyone某人/任何人everything每件事物 everybody每个人 everyone任何人nothing没有东西 nobody没有人 no one没有
4、人2. 复合不定代词用法复合不定代词后面的动词用第三人称单数形式There is someone on the phone for you有人给你打电话Everyone is busy and can not go to the party每个人都忙而不能去参加聚会形容词或不定式修饰复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等时，通常要放在不定代词的后面something important某件重要的事 anything interesting任何有趣的事nothing exciting没有令人兴奋的事Is there anything important in to
5、days paper? 今天报上有什么重要的消息吗？当主语是指人的复合不定代词，如everybody, nobody, anybody等时，其反意疑问句后面的主语通常用代词they, 在正式文体中也可以用heEveryone is here, arent they / isnt he? 每个人都到了，是吗？当主语是指物的复合不定代词，如everything, something, anything, nothing等时，其反意疑问句后面的主语通常用代词itEverything is ready, isnt it? 一切准备好了，是吗？与no-构成的复合不定代词本身就是否定意义，所以一定要与肯定
6、的动词连用Nobody likes to get into trouble没有谁愿意惹麻烦not与由every-构成的复合不定代词是部分否定，意为“并非都；不都”I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with everything我同意你所说的大部分，但不是全部3.复合不定代词辨析somebody / someone / something用于肯定句There is somebody / someone waiting outside外面有人在等你There is something wrong with my bike我的自
7、行车出了点毛病在疑问句中，当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答、想要鼓励对方给予肯定答复或表达请求、建议时，也可以用Can somebody / someone help me? 有人能帮我吗？Do you want something to drink? = Would you like something to drink?你想来点喝的吗？anybody / anyone / anything用于否定句或一般疑问句。注意：当肯定句中有hardly, never, seldom等具有否定意义的词时，要使用anybody, anyone或anythingDid anybody come here wh
8、ile I was away? 当我离开时有人来这儿吗？He doesnt like anything I do or say他不喜欢我做得或说得任何事He can hardly see anything before the operation在手术前他几乎看不到任何东西Hardly anybody came to the meeting几乎没人来参加会议nobody / no one / nothing用于句中表示否定意义。nobody = not anybody nothing = not anything注意：如果需要用一个否定词来做句子的开头，那么就必须用nothing / nobo
9、dy / no one,而不能用notanything / anyone / anybodyI saw nobody / no one / nothing = I didnt see anybody / anyone / anything 我没看到人/东西第二单元一、基数词1.112的基数词有各自独立的单词1one5five9nine2two6six10ten3three7seven11eleven4four8eight12twelve2.1319基数词以-teen结尾13thirteen16sixteen19nineteen14fourteen17seventeen注意13,15,18的写法
10、15fifteen18eighteen3.2090等整10基数词以-ty结尾20twenty50fifty80eighty30thirty60sixty90ninety40forty70seventy注意13,15,18的写法4.2199之间非整10基数词是在十位数和个位数之间加连字符“_”构成21twenty-one54fifty-four32thirty-two66sixty-six43forty-three99ninety-nine5.101999的基数词256two hundred and fifty-six108one hundred and eight839eight hundre
11、d and thirty-nine987nine hundred and eighty-seven二、序数词1.13的序数词为特定的独立单词英文汉语简写First第一1stSecond第二2ndthird第三3rd2.419的序数词基本是在相应的基数词后加-th英文汉语简写英文汉语简写fourth第四4thtwelfth第十二12thfifth第五5ththirteenth第十三13thsixth第六6thfourteenth第十四14thseventh第七7thfifteenth第十五15theighth第八8thsixteenth第十六16thninth第九9thseventeenth第十
12、七17thtenth第十10theighteenth第十八18theleventh第十一11thnineteenth第十九19th3.2090的整10的序数词是将相应的基数词结尾y变为-ie,再加-th英文汉语简写英文汉语简写twentieth第二十20thsixtieth第六十60ththirtieth第三十30thseventieth第七十70thfortieth第四十40theightieth第八十80thfiftieth第五十50thninetieth第九十90th4.2199的非整10序数词只将个位数变为序数词，十位数扔用基数词英文汉语简写英文汉语简写twenty-first第二十一
13、21sttwenty-third第二十三23rdtwenty-second第二十二22ndninety-ninth第九十九99th5.100和100以上的序数词第100为100th（读作one hundredth），第101为101st（读作one hundred and first）其他的以此类推考点1.时刻：9:00 nine oclock 9:15 a quarter past nine 9:30 half past nine 9:45 a quarter to ten2.日期：the tenth of July = July 10th 7月10日3.年份：in nineteen nin
14、ety-nine 在1999年 in two thousand and fifteen 在2015年4.年代：in the 1960s = in the 1960s 在20世纪60年代5.世纪：in the twenty-first century = in the 21st century 在21世纪6.年龄：she is seven 她7岁 in ones thirties 在某人三十几岁时7.事物编号：lesson one第一课 World War 第二次世界大战 Room two zero nine 209房间 Bus No.10 10路公共汽车8.算术式的表达方法4+8=12Four
15、 plus eight is twelve = Four and eight is twelve = Four added to eight is twelve11-7=4Eleven minus seven is four = Seven subtracted from eleven is four65=30Six times five is thirty = Six multiplied by five is thirty205=4Twenty divided by five is four = Divide twenty by five is four注意：对算术式提问时用how muc
16、h或what。How much / What is four plus eight?等于号用is, is equal to或equals表达One and one is two = One and one is equal to two = One and one equals two 第三单元一、形容词比较等级的规则变化类别构成方法原级比较级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er, -esttall高的tallertallest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，变y为i，再加-er, -esteasy容易的busy忙的happy高兴的easierbusierhappiereasies
17、tbusiesthappiest以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节的单音节词或少数双音节词，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -estbig大的hot热的thin瘦的fat胖的biggerhotterthinnerfatterbiggesthottestthinnestfattest多音节词和部分双音节词在原级前加more, mostimportant重要的more importantmost important二、形容词比较级的用法1.“形容词比较级+than”表示一方超过或低于另一方的情况，意为“.高于或低于”Anna is taller than Suan安娜比苏珊高He made fewe
18、r mistakes than you他出的错比你少2.“形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”表示事物本身程度的逐渐变化，意为“越来越”The day is getting longer and longer白天正变得越来越长Our country is becoming more and more beautiful我们的国家正变得越来越美丽3.“the+形容词比较级，the+形容词比较级”常表示一方的程度随着另一方的程度平行增长，意为“越，就越”The higher the ground is, the thinner the air becomes地势越高，空气就越稀薄The more
19、difficult the problem is, the more careful we should be问题越南，我们就应越仔细4.形容词的比较级前可以用a little, a bit, a lot, much, even, far等表示程度的副词修饰The giraffe is much taller than the deer长颈鹿比鹿高多了Yesterday was a little colder than today昨天比今天冷一点儿三、形容词最高级的用法1.“the+形容词最高级（+名词）+表示比较范围的短语或从句”意为“在中是最的”注意：最高级比较范围为一定的地域空间时用in
20、，如果在同一类事物范围内比较用ofTom is the tallest boy in his class汤姆在他们班是个子最高的孩子He is the youngest child of all his classmates他在他所有的同班同学中是年级最小的This is the best film that I have ever seen这是我看过的最好看的电影 2.“one of the +形容词最高级+复数可数名词”表示“最的之一”Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China上海是中国最大的城市之一注意：最高级前有序数词、物主代词时，不用
21、theHe is my best friend他是我最好的朋友Hainan is Chinas second largest island海南是中国第二大岛第四单元一、形容词比较级和最高级的不规则变化原级比较级最高级good/well（好的）better(the)bestmany/much（多的）more(the)mostbad/ill（坏的）worse(the)worstlittle（少的）less(the)leastfar（远的）farther/further(the)farthest(the)furthestold（老的，旧的）elder/older(the)eldest(the)old
22、est注意：elder和olderelder 表示家庭成员出生的先后顺序，但只能用于名词前，作定语，不能作表语He is the elder twin of the two他是两个双胞胎较年长的那个older既可以作定语，也可以作表语The older generation doesnt like pop music老一辈的人不喜欢流行音乐I am two years older than my sister is我比我的妹妹大两岁farther和further两者都可以用来表示距离上的“更远”，但表示程度上“进一步”只能用furtherThe cinema is farther down t
23、he road than I think电影院在路上的另一端，比我想的还远I was too tired to walk any further我累得再也走不动了For further information, please contact us要进一步了解情况，请与我们联系二、原级asas结构1.“as+形容词原级+as”表示双方在程度、特征等方面相等He is as excited as his younger sister他和他妹妹一样激动Basketball is as popular as football here在这儿篮球和足球一样受欢迎2.“not+as/so+形容词原级+as
24、”表示“.不如”This room is not as/so big as that one这个房间不如那个大Tom is not as/so old as you, is he?汤姆年级没有你大，是吗？3.当“as.as”结构中出现名词时，常用“as+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+as”或“as+many/much+名词+as”Today is as busy a day as yesterday今天跟昨天一样忙We have produced as many cars as we did last year我们生产的小汽车和去年一样多第五单元现在完成时一、现在完成时的构成现在完成时的构成
25、形式为“主语+have/has+过去分词”Though he has read the book three times, he hopes to read it again尽管他已经把这本书读了3遍，他扔希望能再读一遍I have not heard from my parents for a long time我很长时间没有收到父母的来信了-Have you travelled to another place? 你去过别的地方旅行吗？-Yes, I have / No, I havent 是的，我去过。/ 不，我没有去过二、现在完成时的用法1.现在完成时表示说话时已经完成的动作，而且这个
26、动作的结果对现在仍有影响，常与already（已经），yet（尚未），just（刚刚），ever（曾经，在任何时候），never（从不），before（以前，之前），for+时间段，since（自从）等时间状语连用Have you packed yet?你打好包了吗？He has turned off the light他已经关灯了He turned off the light the light is off He has turned off the light 过去 现在 将来2.have / has gone to，have / has been to 和have been in的区别
27、have / has gone to表示“到某地去了”，说话时该人不在现场，强调尚未回来Where is Tom?汤姆在哪里？He has gone to England他去英国了（尚未回来）have been to“曾经去过某地”现在已不在那里了，后可接次数I have been to Beijing twice我去过北京两次have been in“在某地待了多少时间”常与表示时间段的状语连用I have been in Shanghai for three years我到上海已有三年了第六单元一、for和since现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续持续下去，常
28、与“since+过去时间状语/一般过去时”、“for+时间段”等表示一段时间的时间状语连用，谓语动词用延续性动词He has lived here since 1995 自从1995年以来，他一直住在这儿He began to live here He has lived here since 1995 living here 过去 in 1995 现在 将来I have been away from my hometown for thirty years我离开家乡有30年了Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened自从该工厂成立
29、以来，王叔叔就一直在这里工作二、现在完成时与一般过去时区别一般过去时表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系常与瞬间性动词连用(come, go, leave, start, become)等 现在完成时表示的动作虽然在过去发生，但是对现在产生影响He joined the army two years agoHe has been in the army for two years一般过去时中的非延续性动词在现在完成时中要转变为相应的延续性动词比如：left转换成has/have been away(from)died转换成has/have been dead第七单元条件句一、if引导
30、的条件句一般由if引导出的某种假设，在这种假设实现之后（从句），一件事情（主句）才能发生，if通常译作“假如，只要，如果”等条件句 = 条件状语从句 + 主句 （一般现在时） （一般将来时）If“如果；假如”If it snows tomorrow, I will go to work by underground如果明天下雪，我将乘地铁去上班If you want to pass the exam, you must study hard （情态动词）你如果想通过考试，你必须努力学习If you cant solve the problem, leave it to me=Leave it
31、to me if you cant solve the problem如果你解决不了这个难题，把它留给我吧 （祈使句）二、Unless 引导的条件句Ifnot = Unless“除非，否则”I wont go to work by bus unless it snows= If it doesnt snow, I wont go to work by bus除非下雪，我将不会乘公共汽车去上班第八单元一、should的用法1.表示义务、责任should表示责任或义务时意为“应该”，这种用法往往表示说话者的观点，可用于各种人称We should protect the environment我们应
32、该保护环境You shouldnt drink and drive你不应该酒后驾车2.表示推测should表示推测时，指有一定根据的推测，常译为“按道理说应该”She left hours ago. She should be home now.她几个小时前就离开了，现在按理说应该在家3.表示提供帮助、建议或要求对方给出意见You should stop worrying about it你该不要再为此事担忧了Should I call him and apologize?我是不是应该打电话向他道歉？二、had better的用法had better常略写为d better，表示“最好”，用来表示劝告或建议，后接动词原形。其否定形式是将not直接放在had better的后面Youd better eat these bananas before they go bad你最好趁这些香蕉还没坏之前把它们吃掉You had better not miss the last bus你最好不要错过末班公共汽车第 14 页 共 14 页
