1、Public English Test System(III)Unit Two Environment ReadingReadingGrammarGrammar Getting ReadyGetting ReadyText Text 5 5A AText BText BContents Getting ReadyGetting ReadyGetting Ready1.Look at the picture.What damages have the humans done to the planet?Getting Ready2.Look at the picture.What can we
2、do to protect our environment?Reading Text A Reading Text A Intensive ReadingAfter-reading ActivitiesGlobal ReadingPre-reading questions Living Alone and the EnvironmentPre-reading1.What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of living alone?2.Is living along friendly to the environment o
3、r not?Why?Environment Development and Sustainability is an international and multidisciplinary journal covering all aspects of the environmental impacts of socio-economic development.It is also concerned with the complex interactions which occur between development and environment and its purpose is
4、 to seek ways and means for achieving sustainability in all human activities aimed at such development.Environment,Development and Sustainability http:/ College London(UCL)University College London(UCL)is a public research university located in London,United Kingdom,and the oldest and largest consti
5、tuent college of the federal University of London.Founded in 1826,UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis,to admit students regardless of their religion and to admit women on equal terms with men.UCL bec
6、ame one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836.http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London Skimming and ScanningAnswer the following questions according to Text A 1.Who are the biggest consumers of energy,land and household goods according to this text?Why?4.Is co
7、llective housing a good alternative for people living alone?Why or why not?2.How was the growth of one-person households in the UK in the past 30 years?3.How old are the typical one-person householders currently?5.Do you agree to the suggestions of the researchers in the last paragraph?Why or why no
8、t?Do you have any suggestions to this problem?Answers1.People who live alone are the biggest consumers of energy,land and household goods,because they use more than their share of energy and resources.2.In the past 30 years the number of one-person households has grown rapidly from 18%of all househo
9、lds in 1917 to 30%in 2001.3.Currently,the typical one-person householders are among people aged 25 to 44,particularly among men between the ages of 35 and 44.4.Yes,it is.Because collective housing residents can not only enjoy some private space,but also share living and storage areas with others.5.A
10、 variety of measures are supposed to be taken:build ecological houses,raise public awareness,encourage collective lifestyle,launch right advertising and educational programs,etc.Difficult sentences1.According to a report published in the journal Environment,Development and Sustainability,people who
11、live alone are the biggest consumers of energy,land and household goods.(para.1,line1-2)according to:prep.used for saying where information or ideas has come from 根据根据E.g.Chinas available water per capita is just a quarter of the world average and the lowest of any large economy,according to the Wor
12、ld Bank.根据世界银行的数据,中国人均占水量仅为世界平均水平的四分之一,更是大型经济体中最低的。consumer:n.sb.who buys and uses goods and services 消费者消费者E.g.In other words,it tells an individual consumer how much he or she has to pay for an imported good.换言之,实际有效汇率告诉消费者买一件进口商品要付多少钱。household:a.used in homes,or relating to homes 家庭的家庭的E.g.Men s
13、aid they spent 13 hours a week on household chores including cleaning the lavatory,taking out the rubbish and changing the bed linen.男士声称他们每周在做家务活上所花的时间为13个小时,这其中包括打扫卫生间、倒垃圾和换床单等。Difficult sentences2.people who live in one-person households is having an increasingly serious impact on the environment
14、.It tends to cause a resource consumption crisis in England and Wales.(para.1,line 4-6)impact:n.an effect,or an influence;影响影响E.g.Parents have to consider the social as well as the psychological impact of such procedures on the child.家长必须考虑这种手术对孩子的社会和心理影响。tend to:v.be likely to;倾向于倾向于 E.g.Women tend
15、 to have networks characterized by close relationships and a great deal of redundancy.女性社交网络往往以亲密关系和交往人群重复性很高为特点。consumption:n.the use of something such as fuel or energy,or the amount that people use;消费，消耗消费，消耗E.g.But a moderate fall in prices might not hurt household consumption-it could even give
16、 it a boost.但房价适度下跌可能非但不会降低家庭消费,甚至可能会提振消费。Difficult sentences3.the increase of one-person households is expected to account for 72%of annual household growth(para.2,line 3-4)account for:v.to form,use,or produce a particular amount or part of a group of people or things;占占E.g.Current construction pro
17、jects account for around 30 per cent of the global total,said the vice-minister.据副部长介绍,目前我国的建设项目总数占全世界在建项目的30%左右。Difficult sentences4.Currently,the typical one-person householders are among people aged 25 to 44,particularly among men between the ages of 35 and 44,no longer elderly widows or widowers
18、.(para.3,line 1-2)particularly:adv.used for emphasizing;特别是特别是E.g.For Chinese people,2011 was a year of little sleep and a lot of anxiety,particularly over food.对中国民众来说,2011年睡眠少,焦虑多,对食品安全的焦虑尤其多。no longer:used when something happened or was true in the past but is not true now;不再不再E.g.Three-quarters
19、of men now say it is no longer important for them to be the one who earns the most,new research reveals.新调查揭示,现在四分之三的英国男性认为家里谁挣得更多对他们而言已不再重要。Difficult sentences5.The report also points out that the younger one-person households are more affluent than ever before,quite different from the previous eld
20、erly widows or widowers who lived on a tight budget.(para3,line3-4)point out:v.to tell,to show;指出指出E.g.Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults,Ms.Davis and other scientists point out.戴维斯女士及其他一些科学家指出,儿童比成人更容易受到辐射的影响。affluent:a.rich enough to buy things for pleasure;富足的富足的E.g.Affluent fa
21、milies get their children through college;poor families do not.富裕家庭能让孩子读完大学,贫困家庭就没这种能力。budget:n.the amount of money a person or organization has to spend on something;预算预算 E.g.Following the vote,Mr Obama said the budget deal was an important first step to ensure the US lived within its means.奥巴马在投票结
22、束后表示,这份预算协议是重要的第一步,最终将确保美国量入为出。Difficult sentences6.Compared with households of four or more,they consume 38%more products,42%more packaging,55%more electricity and 61%more gas per capita.(para4,line3-4)compare with:v.to consider how things or people are similar and how they are different;比较比较E.g.Th
23、e absolute altitude of our place is just 100 meters,which can never compare with that of the Tibetan Plateau.我们这里的绝对高度才100米,跟青藏高原没法比。per capita:a.based on calculations that show the average among for each person affected;人均的人均的E.g.China may be the worlds second-largest economy but per capita output
24、is at most only one-fifth that of most developed countries.中国或许是全球第二大经济体,但人均产出至多只是大多数发达国家的五分之一。Difficult sentences7.To people who live alone because of circumstances,co-housing is a good alternative.Co-housing residents have some private space,such as bedroom and bathroom.(para5,line3-5)alternative:
25、n.something that you can choose instead of something else;替换物替换物E.g.This might seem embarrassing but,given the alternative,turns out to have been a blessing.这种现象或许令人难堪,但与另一种情形相比未尝不是一件幸事。resident:n.someone who lives in a particular place;居民居民E.g.Unlawful search of the body of any resident or deprivat
26、ion or restriction of the freedom of the person shall be prohibited.禁止非法搜查居民的身体、剥夺或者限制居民的人身自由。Difficult sentences8.Besides,the researchers urge the government to tax on the inefficient use of space,and suggest designing and constructing more resource-efficient ecological homes.(para6,line1-2)urge:v.
27、to advise someone very strongly about what action or attitude they should take;敦促敦促E.g.He said he plans to urge the commission to act more quickly.他说自己准备敦促委员会加快行动。inefficient:a.not working in the best possible way,in the most effective way;无效的无效的E.g.Yet,companies had no choice but to run these expen
28、sive and highly inefficient networks.但是公司门又别无选择,只能运行这些高投入、低效率的网络。Difficult sentences9.The ecological new builds are supposed to be prestigious,well-designed,state-of-the-art and environmentally sound.(para6,line2-3)be supposed to:v.be expected or required to;应该应该E.g.How will I be supposed to manage
29、tomorrow?明天我该怎么办?prestigious:a.admired and respected by people;久负盛名的久负盛名的E.g.The prestigious institution came third in a table ranking universities exclusively on their reputation among academics worldwide.这所久负盛名学院在一项完全根据各大学在全球学术界的名气而进行的排行中名列第三。state-of-the-art:a.the newest and most advanced ideas a
30、nd features;顶级的顶级的E.g.State-of-the-art technology has been used in diagnosis of diseases.最现代化的技术已被应用在疾病的诊断上。Difficult sentences10.The report also advocates raising public awareness and encouraging more people to choose collective lifestyle.(para6,line4-5)advocate:v.to publicly support a particular p
31、olicy or way of doing things;提倡提倡E.g.He did not dismiss the dangers of 25 percent unemployment,nor advocate that government embrace natures cure and wait it out.他没有忽略失业率25%的险境,也没有主张政府依赖自然之力,无为地等待痊愈。impact dramatic reckon particular alternative urge consume meanwhile 1.The income of male workers went
32、 up by 50%._,women saw their earnings fall.2.The house itself is not _ to my mind,but I like its environment.3.Fuel _ has risen strikingly in the past decades.4.Please _ people to take their pets with them when they leave.5.Statistics show that global sugar consumption has risen _ today.6.There is a
33、 hot debate about the _ sources of energy.7.How is the environmental _ of increased road traffic?8.Lily is often _ to be the most beautiful girl in their college.MeanwhileparticularlyconsumptionurgedramaticallyalternativeimpactreckonedReading Text Reading Text B Speed ReadingCheck yourselfQuestions1
34、.Which of the following is true?A.Greenland surface ice is now 400%greater than 77 years ago.B.Arctic ice can stabilize the colder temperature of the ocean because it reflects the suns light back into space.C.Arctic ice in September 2007 was 23%below 1950 levels according to NASA satellite data.D.Su
35、rface temperatures in the Arctic are the highest in the past 15 years.Check yourselfQuestions2.Which of the following is Dr.Steve Rinouls opinion?A.Nearly all the ice could be gone from the Arctic Ocean by the end of 2012.B.The rapid rate of ice melting means that 100 million people will need to mov
36、e to escape rising sea levels.C.Arctic ice in September 2007 was 23%below previous record and 50%below 1950 levels.D.Livestock produce more greenhouse gases than all worldwide transportation combined.Check yourselfQuestions3.Which of the following is a major cause of global warming according to a Un
37、ited Nations Report?A.Meat eating.B.Deforestation.C.Arctic ice meltingD.Carbon emissionCheck yourselfQuestions4.Which of the following is Dr.Pamela Martins opinion?A.Livestock are the most significant contributors to the environmental problems.B.Livestock generate 65%of human-caused nitrous oxide an
38、d accounts for 37%of all human-caused methane.C.Compared with the standard American diet,going vegan for one year can save 1.5 tons of emissions.D.Over 70%of Amazon rainforest is cut down for meat production.Check yourselfQuestions5.What does the author advocate?A.Reduce carbon emission B.Switch fro
39、m an SUV to a TOYATA Prius C.Kill livestock D.Stop eating meat.Answers 1.B 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D动词还可以在句子中当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。动词不定式：to+动词原形。动词非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。动词不定式的否定只须在to前加not。She decided not to take on the responsibility of it.动词不定式动词不定式(The infinitive of the verb)形态 语态主动被动
40、一般to followto be following进行to be following完成to have followedto have been followed完成进行to have been followingGrammar point 动词不定式在句子中充当的不同成分动词不定式所作成分例句备注主语To achieve the goal is not just a simple thing.To give a lecture is my pleasure.宾语She wanted to revise the contract when she was on holidays.When I
41、 was young,my father told me how to milk the cow.下列动词只能用动词不定式：decide，desire，expect，hope，mean，pretend，promise，refuse，undertake；下列动词可用不定式，可用动名词：attempt,begin,start,intend.宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）He advised you to write to him.Parents persuaded me to participate the Spoken English Contest.有些动词不定式后不带to，make，let
42、，hear，see，notice，feel，watch，have等。表语Their goal is to win the match for the qualification of Olympic Games.定语I have a good book for him to read.I have bought a private car to go to work on.如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语动词的宾语，需要在这一逻辑主语前加for。状语My sister opened the door for him to come in.He is too happy to go home.动词不定式动词不定式(The infinitive of the verb)Thank you!
