1、Unit 2 Sports Unit 2 Sports culturecultureGrammar and usageGrammar and usageNicole wrote a blog post about the city half-Nicole wrote a blog post about the city half-marathon she took part in.Find the sentences marathon she took part in.Find the sentences that use the passive voice in the past that
2、use the passive voice in the past continuous and past perfect tenses and fill in continuous and past perfect tenses and fill in the table below.the table below.Passive voice in Passive voice in the past continuous the past continuous tensetensePassive voice in Passive voice in the past perfect the p
3、ast perfect tensetense.I reflected on what had just.I reflected on what had just been achieved.been achieved.Exploring the Exploring the rulesrulesPassive voice in the Passive voice in the past continuous past continuous tensetense.a city half-marathon was being organized to help.even though my limi
4、ts were being tested like never before.Passive voice in the Passive voice in the past perfect tensepast perfect tense.I reflected on what had.I reflected on what had just been achieved.just been achieved.a lot of money had been raised for charity.Working out the Working out the rulesrules The passiv
5、e voice in the past continuous tense is The passive voice in the past continuous tense is used to refer to an action being done at a specific used to refer to an action being done at a specific time in the past.The verb form is time in the past.The verb form is“_ ”.“_ ”.The passive voice in the past
6、 perfect tense is used The passive voice in the past perfect tense is used to express an action completed before a past action.to express an action completed before a past action.The verb form is“_”.The verb form is“_”.was/were being+was/were being+过去分过去分词词had been+had been+过去分过去分词词被动语态被动语态英语中的语态分为主
7、动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。以下几种情况常用被动语态以下几种情况常用被动语态：不知道谁是动作的执行者；不知道谁是动作的执行者；没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者；没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者；为了强调动作的承受者。为了强调动作的承受者。注意：不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但许多由注意：不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但许多由“不及物动词不及物动词+介词介词”构成的动词短语相当于及物动词，因而可以有被动语态。构成的动词短语相当于及物动词，因而可以有被动语态。
8、基本时态基本时态被动语态被动语态一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时一般将来时一般将来时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去将来时过去将来时各种时态的基本形式(以肯定式动词do为例):do/doesdidwill/shall doam/is/are doingwas/were doinghas/have donehad donewould/should doam/is/are donewas/were donewill/shall be doneam/is/are being donewas/were being donehas/have b
9、een donehad been donewould/should be doneu八大时态的被动语态：八大时态的被动语态：1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：一般现在时的被动语态构成：(am/is/are done)The Olympic Games are held every four years.2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：一般过去时的被动语态构成：(was/were done)The 2018 Olympic Games were held in Beijing.3.一般将来时的被动语态构成：一般将来时的被动语态构成：(shall/will be done)The 2024 Olympi
10、c Games will be held in Paris.4.过去将来时的被动语态构成：过去将来时的被动语态构成：(should/would be done)The news would be sent to him as soon as it arrived.5.现在完成时的被动语态构成：现在完成时的被动语态构成：(has/have been done)The old rules have been done away with（废除）废除）by us.6.过去完成时的被动语态构成：过去完成时的被动语态构成：(had been done)By September 2nd,75 gold m
11、edals had been achieved by Chinese athles in Tokyo Paralympic Games.7.现在进行时的被动语态构成：现在进行时的被动语态构成：(am/is/are being done)The Tokyo Paralympic Games is being held now.8.过去进行时的被动语态构成：过去进行时的被动语态构成：(was/were being done)A boxing game was being held when I arrived.过去完成时过去完成时的被动语态的被动语态过去进行时过去进行时的被动语态的被动语态过去进行
12、时的被动语态过去进行时的被动语态构成：构成：was/were being donewas/were being done基本用法：1.过去进行时的被动语态表示在过去某一时间某事正在被做。He hurried home,never once looking back to see if he was being followed.他匆匆赶回家，一次也没有回头看看是否有人跟踪他。The farmer said they were being trapped in the snowstorm then.这位农民说他们当时正被困在暴风雪中。过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时的被动语态过去完成时表示在过去某
13、一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。当句子的主语为谓语动词动作的承受者，并或存在的状态。当句子的主语为谓语动词动作的承受者，并且该动作发生在过去的某一时刻或某一动作之前时，谓语动且该动作发生在过去的某一时刻或某一动作之前时，谓语动词应用过去完成时的被动语态。词应用过去完成时的被动语态。构成：构成：肯定结构：主语肯定结构：主语+had been done+had been done+其他成分其他成分否定结构：主语否定结构：主语+had not been done+had not been done+其他成分其他成分疑问句结构：疑问句结构
14、：Had+Had+主语主语+been done+been done+其他成分其他成分 By the time the teacher came in,the first experiment had been done.老师进来的时候，第一个实验已经完成了。The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came.老师来之前教室还没有打扫。Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting started?会议开始前讨论过这个新计划吗？用法用法（1 1）在）在toldtold，saidsa
15、id，knewknew，heardheard，thought thought等动等动词后的宾语从句中，表示从句中的动作已被做完，词后的宾语从句中，表示从句中的动作已被做完，用过去完成时的被动语态。用过去完成时的被动语态。They said the production costs had been reduced.他们说生产成本已经降低了。（2 2）当）当by the timeby the time，beforebefore，untiluntil，whenwhen等引导的时间状语从句等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，或在的谓语是一般过去时，或在byby和和beforebefore后接表示
16、过去的时间，且主句后接表示过去的时间，且主句谓语表示的动作在过去某一时间以前已经被完成，用过去完成时的被谓语表示的动作在过去某一时间以前已经被完成，用过去完成时的被动语态。动语态。By the time he got to the school,the first period had been finished.他到学校时，第一节课已经结束了。How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?飓风结束时有多少建筑物被毁？（3 3）在）在“It was the first/second/.time+thatIt was
17、 the first/second/.time+that从句从句”句型中，句型中，当从句主语为动作的承受者时，从句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示当从句主语为动作的承受者时，从句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示“第几次被第几次被”。It was the first time that he had ever been awarded.这是他第一次获奖。（4 4）在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反，当主语是动作的承受者时，）在虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反，当主语是动作的承受者时，用过去完成时的被动语态。用过去完成时的被动语态。If the AI robot had been invented ear
18、lier,the production efficiency would have been improved.如果早一些发明人工智能机器人,生产效率就会提高了。（5 5）在）在“Hardly/Scarcely had.when.Hardly/Scarcely had.when.”和和“No No sooner had thansooner had than”句型中，当主句主语是动作的承受者句型中，当主句主语是动作的承受者时，主句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示时，主句用过去完成时的被动语态，表示“一一就就”。Hardly had the front door been opened when w
19、e could smell the gas.一打开前门，我们就闻到了煤气的味道。被动语态结构中应注意的几个问题被动语态结构中应注意的几个问题“一感觉一感觉(feel)”(feel)”、“两听两听(hear,listen to)”(hear,listen to)”、“三使三使(make,let,have)”(make,let,have)”、“四看四看(see,watch,look,(see,watch,look,notice)”notice)”等动词在主动结构中要跟不带等动词在主动结构中要跟不带toto的动词不定式作宾的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但在被动语态中语补足语，但在被动语态中toto不可省
20、去。不可省去。Betty is often seen to helpto help the old man with his housework.后跟双宾语的动词在被动语态中，如果把主动句的后跟双宾语的动词在被动语态中，如果把主动句的直接宾语变为被动句的主语，则间接宾语前常常要加直接宾语变为被动句的主语，则间接宾语前常常要加介词介词toto或或forfor。常接。常接toto的动词有的动词有give,tell,lend,give,tell,lend,show,pass,handshow,pass,hand等；常接等；常接forfor的动词有的动词有buy,getbuy,get等等。A spec
21、ial present was given towas given to me on my birthday.A special present was bought forwas bought for me on my birthday.短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词，语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词，也不能将其拆开。也不能将其拆开。My grandpa is taken good care ofis taken good care of in the hospital.不用被动语态的情况不用被
22、动语态的情况不及物动词或短语没有被动语态，如不及物动词或短语没有被动语态，如rise,fail,hap-pen,rise,fail,hap-pen,last,break out,come true,take place,belong tolast,break out,come true,take place,belong to等。等。e.g.Oil prices have risenhave risen sharply in recent weeks.系动词无被动语态，如系动词无被动语态，如appear,be,become,feel,get,appear,be,become,feel,get,
23、grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turntaste,turn等。等。e.g.The fried chicken stayed stayed fresh and crisp.主动形式表示被动意义主动形式表示被动意义某些不及物动词（其主语大都指物），如某些不及物动词（其主语大都指物），如smell,smell,taste,sound,prove,lock,shut,open,read,taste,sound,prove,lock,shut,op
24、en,read,write,wash,clean,draw,burn,cookwrite,wash,clean,draw,burn,cook等，常用主动等，常用主动形式表达被动意义。形式表达被动意义。The door wont shutwont shut.The poem readsreads smoothly.在在need,require,worthneed,require,worth后用动词后用动词-ing-ing形式的主动形式表示形式的主动形式表示被动意义。被动意义。The bath needed repairing needed repairing=The bath needed to
25、 be repaired.to blameto blame（责备）（责备）用主动形式表示被动意义。用主动形式表示被动意义。I think it is you who are to blame are to blame for this accident.Complete the sentences with the Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs.correct forms of the verbs.1.1.It was an amazing achievement for a player who _(in
26、jure)so recently.2.2.The swimming pool _ (clean)thoroughly the day before the competition began.3.3.He felt that his talents _(waste)as a basketball player and was eager for a change.4.4.Tom was told that his teammate won the race while he _(treat)by the team doctor.5.5.Photos of the riders _(take)b
27、efore they got on their horses.had been had been injuredinjuredhad been cleaned/was had been cleaned/was cleanedcleanedwere being wastedwere being wastedwas being was being treatedtreatedhad been takenhad been takenJessica gave an account of her experience Jessica gave an account of her experience a
28、s a volunteer at the city half-marathon.as a volunteer at the city half-marathon.Complete the passage with the correct Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in the box below.forms of the verbs in the box below.make train blow place make train blow place carry cheercarry cheermake
29、train blow place carry make train blow place carry cheercheerBy the time Cathy and I,together with other volunteers for the city half-marathon,arrived at 4:30 a.m.,tables(1)_ on both sides of the road.Bottles of water and paper cups(2)_ to different tables,so Cathy and I immediately went to help.The
30、n,we took our place at the table and quickly started to arrange the bottles and cups so that they looked like an army of soldiers standing in line for inspection.I took a step back,and looked at the scene with satisfaction.For the previous couple of weeks,I(3)_ on how to be a volunteer for the half-
31、marathon.I decided to volunteer for this years half-marathon after the chairman of the organizing committee visited my school.We were told that the competitors would be raising money for charity,and while I didnt feel that I had a strong constitution to run that far,I thought the next best thing wou
32、ld be to help those who could.had been placedhad been placedwere being were being carriedcarriedhad been had been trainedtrainedmake train blow place carry make train blow place carry cheercheerAfter all the preparations(4)_,the exciting half-marathon began.Cathy and I waited patiently until word sp
33、read that the first runners would be arriving soon.As the tired,thirsty runners ran along,they(5)_ by the crowds.Cathy and I quickly poured water into the cups for them.After the last runner passed,I found paper cups and plastic bottles everywhere.The litter(6)_ around by the wind as I bent over to pick up a plastic bottle.Cathy and I started clearing up.We were tired and wet with sweat but it felt really good to know that we had been able to help others.had been madehad been madewere being were being cheeredcheeredwas being blownwas being blown
