1、Grammar and usage Non-restrictive relative clausesUnit 1 Wish you were herewhich:指物指物whichwhosewhichwhomwhose:后面的词与后面的词与先行词是从先行词是从属关系属关系从句末尾从句末尾介词提前介词提前whom指人指人（宾格）（宾格）which:指事情指事情whowhichwhomwhichwho指指人人whom指人指人（宾格）（宾格）which:指物指物who指人指人who从句末尾从句末尾介词提前介词提前Lead-intourismtourism旅游业旅游业phrasesphrases1.社
2、区的命脉社区的命脉 2.服务行业服务行业 3.持续增长持续增长 4.依次依次，轮流；反过来，轮流；反过来 5.繁荣的产业繁荣的产业 6.称心如意的境遇称心如意的境遇 7.观光胜地观光胜地 8.和谐相处和谐相处 Useful Expressions9.野生物栖息地野生物栖息地 10.土地的自然特性土地的自然特性 11.处于危险中处于危险中 12.使使.受到伤害受到伤害 13.失去对失去对.的尊重的尊重 14.旨在旨在.15.未来许多代人未来许多代人 Useful Expressions非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.These industries,in turn,give jobs to
3、the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.whose:后面的词与后面的词与先行词是从先行词是从属关系属关系译文：这些产业反过来又为当地居民提供了就业机会，而他们的福利依赖于旅游业。Find the sentences with non-restrictive relative clauses in the article and fill in the box of part A on page 6.2.The prices of tourist essentials such as transport,accommodatio
4、n and food usually increase too,which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.旅游必需品的价格，如交通、住宿和食物通常也会上涨，旅游必需品的价格，如交通、住宿和食物通常也会上涨，这给周围社这给周围社区带来更多的财富。区带来更多的财富。更多以自然为中心的旅游景点，人与自然和谐相处，可能会受到游客涌入的极大影响甚至破坏。3.More nature-centred tourist attractions,where man and nature live in harmony,can be gre
5、atly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.由于资源的使用速度超过了其可持续性，野生动物栖息地可能会受到影响，这可能危及当地的动植物。4.As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained,wildlife habitats are likely to suffer,which could endanger the local plants and animals.当地的节日和习俗，在一个特定的文化中可能具有深刻的意义，可以简单地成为游客的娱乐。5.Lo
6、cal festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.1)These industries,in turn,give jobs to the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.2)The prices of tourist essentials such as transport,accommodation and food usually
7、 increase too,which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.3)More nature-centred tourist attractions,where man and nature live in harmony,can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.4)As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained,wildlife habitats
8、 are likely to suffer,which could endanger the local plants and animals.5)Local festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.Rule 1:We often use a non-restrictive relative clause to add _(额外的）额外的）information to a noun,pronoun
9、or noun phrase in the main clause or the main clause.A _（逗号）（逗号）is usually used to separate the adding clause and the main clause.extraextracommacommaWorking out the rulesWorking out the rules非限制性定语从句与主句用逗号隔开，补充说明先行词或主句非限制性定语从句与主句用逗号隔开，补充说明先行词或主句Rule 2:We usually introduce a non-restrictive relative
10、 clause with a relative pronoun like who,whom,which and whose or a relative adverb like when and where.The relative pronoun and adverb _(can/cannot)be left out in a non-restrictive relative clause.Working out the rulesWorking out the rulescannotcannot非限制性定语非限制性定语从句中不用从句中不用that不用不用why,关系词不可省略关系词不可省略R
11、ule 3:We can use _(which/who/where)in a non-restrictive relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole.1)The prices of tourist essentials such as transport,accommodation and food usually increase too,which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.2)As resources are used more rapi
12、dly than they can be sustained,wildlife habitats are likely to suffer,which could endanger the local plants and animals.whichwhichWorking out the rulesWorking out the rules非限制性定语从句中，可用which指代整个或部分主句一、非限制性定语从句构成：+,+关系词关系词先行词先行词She has two brothers,(who are working in the city).+其他部分其他部分二、关系代词的指代关系二、关
13、系代词的指代关系关系代词关系代词指人指人指物指物在定语从句中的作用在定语从句中的作用whowhomwhichthat(非限定从中不用非限定从中不用that）whose主语主语 宾语宾语宾语宾语主语主语 宾语宾语主语主语 宾语宾语定语定语三、关系副词的指代关系关系副词关系副词指地点指原因 指时间在定语从句中的作用时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语介词介词+which where(=at/in/which)when(=at/on/in/during/which)why(=for which)原因状原因状语语(非限定非限定从中不用从中不用why）(1)St Petersburg,_ is a very
14、 beautiful city,was once called Leningrad.(2)Yesterday I met Li Ping,_seemed to be very busy.(3)He came to the United States in 1914,_World War broke out.(4)Singapore,_I have lived for ten years,is a dynamic country with many a skyscraper.1.同限制性定语从句一样，同限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可非限制性定语从句也可由由关系代词关系代词/关系副关系副
15、词词引导，但从句中的关系词引导，但从句中的关系词不可省略不可省略，关系代词关系代词that和关系副词和关系副词why不不可可用于非限制性定语从句。用于非限制性定语从句。whichwho whenwhere四、非限制定语从句的用法：四、非限制定语从句的用法：(1)Beijing,_ is the capital of China,has a very long history.(2)He was late again,_ made the teacher very unhappy.2.which引导的非限制性定语从句，其引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词先行词可以是主句中的可以是主句中的某个单某个
16、单词或短语词或短语，也可以是，也可以是整个句子整个句子；which在从句中可作在从句中可作主语、宾语或定主语、宾语或定语等语等，不可省略不可省略。whichwhich3.在非限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，whom、which 前面可以加前面可以加 some/several/a few/many/more/most/all of 等修饰词等修饰词，表示整体中的部分或所有。，表示整体中的部分或所有。(指物：指物：which;指人：指人：whom)I have many friends,_ are experts.我有许多朋友，其中一些是专家。我有许多朋友，其中一些是专家。I have b
17、een to many big cities,_ have left a deep impression on me.我去过很多大城市，所有的都给我留下来深刻的印象。我去过很多大城市，所有的都给我留下来深刻的印象。some of whomall of which (1)The car,_ I paid a lot of money,is now out of date.(2)In the dark street,there wasnt a single person,_ she could turn for help.4.介词介词+关系代词关系代词也可引导也可引导非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语
18、从句，但在这种定语从句中，但在这种定语从句中，介词通常前置介词通常前置，关系代词也不可省略关系代词也不可省略。(指物：指物：which;指人：指人：whom)for whichto whom注意事项：关系代词前注意事项：关系代词前介词介词的确定的确定(1).(1).依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配来确定。依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配来确定。I bought a great many books,I spent all my money that I saved.(2).(2).依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来进行。依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来进行。Ill never forget the time
19、 I spent my childhood in the country.(3).(3).根据所表达的意思来确定。根据所表达的意思来确定。The colorless gas we cannot live is called oxygen.on whichduring whichwithout which注意：注意：“名词名词+介词介词of+关系代词关系代词”有时可以用有时可以用“whose+名词名词”或或“of+关关系代词系代词+名词名词”替换。替换。whose+n.(人人/物物)=the+n.+of whom/which =of whom/which+the+n.那幢楼房曾经被整修过，但在一
20、场大火中，那幢楼房曾经被整修过，但在一场大火中，楼顶楼顶又被烧毁了。又被烧毁了。(roof)The building had been repaired,_ was destroyed again in a big fire.The building had been repaired,_ was destroyed again in a big fire.The building had been repaired,_ was destroyed again in a big fire.the roof of whichof which the roofwhose roof5.as 引导非限
21、制性定语从句时，先行词可以是引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词可以是整个主句整个主句或或主句的一主句的一部分部分。as引导的从句可以置于引导的从句可以置于主句前、主句中或主句后主句前、主句中或主句后。as是关系是关系词中词中唯一可以置于句首唯一可以置于句首的关系词的关系词。1.As is known to the United States,Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。2.He is absorbed in work,as he often was.他正在全神贯注
22、地工作，他过去经常这样。他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。3.Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。Restrictive relative clausesNon-restrictive relative clause1.I saw the guy who delivers my mail in town yesterday.2.Ill always remember the river where we learned to swim.3.Do you
23、know the reason why the sky is blue?4.Shes the person whose daughter goes to Harvard.1.Paris,where I spent six months studying,is the most beautiful city in the world.2.The woman down the street,whose children are the same age as yours,invited us over for dinner next week.3.The movie,which is my fav
24、orite comedy of all time,is being shown on TV tomorrow night.How restrictive relative clauses differ from non-restrictive relative clauses?若去掉，句子含义不明确which guy?which river?the reason for what?which person?若去掉，不影响句子含义无逗号与主句隔开有逗号与主句隔开限制 性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上_逗号_逗号意义上去掉后句意_去掉后句意_作用上修饰限制可修饰_补充说明作用可修饰_翻译时译为.的
25、可译为并列句关系词关系代词作宾语时可以省略可用that 关系代词作宾语时不可省略不可用that,why引导不完整不完整不用不用用用完整完整先行词或主句先行词或主句先行词先行词Distinction三部曲：1.划分主从句 2.圈先行词 3.先行词带入从句e.g.My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people.Some of them had never been abroad before.My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people,some of whom had never been
26、abroad before.Applying the rulesRewrite the following sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.P7 B1 My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people,some of whom had never been abroad before.My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai,where my grandma was born.Dr Luo,who
27、is an expert in Chinese history,will give us a tour of Beijing.Im reading a guidebook to Rome,which is really fascinating and helpful.Id rather visit Europe in summer,when the weather is at its best.whichwhichwhowhowhenwhenon whichon whichI spend most of my spare money on reading books.where/in whic
28、hwhere/in whichwe can enjoy the learning experience in a relaxed atmosphere.AsAsof whomof whomwhosewhoseof whichof whichas/whichas/whichApplying the rulesB 2Below is an article about how to be a sustainable tourist.Complete the article with the correct non-restrictive relative clauses in the box bel
29、ow.There is one clause you do NOT need to use.Write the letters in the blanks.Applying the rulesSustainable tourism,(1)_,is not just about seeing the sightsit is also about connecting with people and their cultures,making a positive impact on the places we visit and enhancing opportunities for the f
30、uture.So,how can we be sustainable tourists?c which is becoming increasingly popular nowadaysApplying the rulesIt is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner.Getting to a tourist destination by airplane,(2)_,has a huge impact on the global environment.While avoiding flying is not al
31、ways practical,we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport or even on foot whenever possible.a which greatly increases our carbon footprintApplying the rulesWhen at the hotel,we can reduce our impact by cutting back on water consumption and not having our bedding and
32、towels washed every day.We also need to protect the local culture.When visiting temples or churches,(3)_,we should dress appropriately.d where a strict dress code may be requiredApplying the rulesWhile travelling,we should respect the right to privacy.We must ask for permission before taking picture
33、s of the local people,(4)_.In summary,being a sustainable tourist comes down to respectfor nature,cutlture and people.b who are human beings and not on display1.你要积极参加课堂活动，这将有助于发掘你的潜力和建立你的信心。You must take an active part in class activities,which will help to explore your potential and build up your
34、confidence.2.你应该交一些朋友，这可以克服你的孤独感。You are supposed to make some friends,which can overcome your loneliness.Translate the following Chinese sentences into English using non-restrictive relative clauses.words:发掘：explore 潜能：potential 孤独感：loneliness3.张老师在我提升学习成绩的过程中起着重要作用，这给我留下了深刻的印象。Mr.Zhang played an i
35、mportant role in promoting my studies,which left a deep impression on me.4.Martin是我们这学期的英语口语老师，他的中文名字是马林。Martin,whose Chinese name is Ma Lin,is our oral English teacher this term.5.我写信是为了表达我对你的感谢，因为上周你的生日聚会的邀请，它给我带来了很多快乐。Im writing to express my gratitude to you for your invitation to your birthday party last week,which brought me lots of entertainment.6.轻音乐和烛光营造了美好和温暖的氛围，在这种氛围中，我能够向你的其他朋友敞开心扉。The light music and candle light created a nice and warm atmosphere,in which I was able to open my heart to your other friends.
