1、TextTypes of buildings A building is closely bound up with people,for it provides people with the necessary space to work and live in.As classified by their use,buildings are mainly of two types：industrial buildings and civil buildings(Fig 3.l(a),Fig 3.l(b).Industrial buildings are used by various f
2、actories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling,employment,education and other social activities1.1 foundation,2-step,3-canopy,4-scatter water,5-plinth,6-window,7-basement,8-floor,9-stairs,10-internal longitudinal wall,11-internal transverse wal
3、l,12-partition,13-external wall,14-drainpipe,15-water outlet,16-overhang eaves,17-roof,18-parapet,19-doorFig 3.l(b)A Civil Building1-column,2-foundation,3-roof truss,4-roof slab,5 corner column，6-wind resistance column,7-gable wall,8-windows,9-plinth,10-scatter water,11-foundation beam,12-external o
4、ngitudinalwall,13-crane beam,14-ground,15-column bracing,16-connecting beam,17-ring beamFig 3.1(a)Fabricated Single-storey Industrial FactoryTextAs classified by their structural types,buildings are mainly of four types:frame structures(Fig 3.2(a)where a frame,or skeleton,holds up the weight and oth
5、er materials are used to close the building up;mass wall structures(Fig 3.2(b),where solid materials such as brick,concrete and other types of masonry are used to build heavy walls that hold up the building;mixed bearing structure is composed of frame structure and bearing wall supporting all the we
6、ight together；space structure formed by reinforced concrete and steel support the loads,for example,truss structure,cable structure,shell structure etc.1-slab,2-main beam,3-filler wallFig 3.2(a)Fame Structures1-prefabricated slab,2-bearing wall,3-self-supporting wall Fig 3.2(b)Mass Wall StructureTex
7、tAs classified by their materials of the load-carrying frame,buildings are mainly of types:wood structure,masonry structure,reinforced concrete structure,steel structure and mixed structure.Structure of buildings Considering only the engineering essentials,the structure of a building can be defined
8、as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability2.Its primary purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground.Load conditions The loads can be classified with respect to their effect on the structure(static or
9、dynamic)or with respect to their variation of intensity.Loads can also be classified with respect to some particular aspect3.(1)Classification of loads with respect to the structural response:A distinction it made between two types of load according to the response of the structure:static loads,whic
10、h are applied to the structure without accelerations of the structure or of structural elements;dynamic loads,which cause significant accelerations of the structure.Text(2)Classification of the loads with respect to the variation time of their intensity(Fig3.3):Dead loads act on the structure for th
11、e whole of its life with negligible variations of intensity;Live loads act on the structure with instantaneous values which can be noticeably different from each other;Exceptional loads are those loads which are very unlikely to act on the structure,such as those due to:collision,explosions,fires,ea
12、rthquakes in non-seismic areas.Structural members Structure of buildings is combined with various structural members,such as beams,columns,floors,walls,trusses.A bar that is subjected to forces acting vertically its axis is called a beam.A beam is a typically flexural member and frequently encounter
13、ed in structures.We will consider only a few of the simplest types of beams,such as those shown in Fig 3.4.Fig 3.3 Types of LoadFig 3.4 Types of BeamsTextColumns are vertical compression members of a structural frame intended to support the load-carrying beams.They transmit loads from the upper floo
14、rs to the lower levels and then to the soil through the foundations.We will consider a few of types of columns,such as those shown in Fig 3.5.With skeleton-frame construction,exterior walls need carry no load other than their own weight,and therefore their principal function is to keep wind and weat
15、her out of the building-hence the name curtain wall.With mass wall structure,exterior walls need carry vertical and horizontal load-hence the name bearing wall.Plane truss(Fig 3.6)is composed by a group of bars arranged in a triangle on a plane.Under the jointed loads,the internal forces in truss st
16、ructure only will be the axial stress(tensile stress,or compressive stress)4.Fig 3.5 Types of ColumnsFig 3.6 Plane TrussTextConstruction of buildings Construction engineering is a specialized branch of civil engineering concerned with the planning,execution,and control of construction operations for
17、 various projects.Planning consists of scheduling the work to be done and selecting the most suitable construction methods and equipment for the project.Execution requires the timely mobilization of all drawings,layouts,and materials on the job to prevent delays to the work.Control consists analyzin
18、g progress and cost to ensure that the project will be done on schedule and within the estimated cost.Construction operations are generally classified according to specialized fields.These include preparation of the project site,earthmoving,foundation treatment,construction of load-carrying frame an
19、d electrical and mechanical installations.However,the relative importance of each field is not the same in all cases5.New Words and Phrasesclassify v.分类dwell v.居住frame n框架masonry n砌体truss n桁架shell n壳体cable n悬索stability a.稳定性intensity n密度dead load 永久荷载（恒荷载）live load 可变荷载（活荷载）collision n碰撞explosion n爆
20、炸earthquake n地震seismic a.地震的flexural a.弯曲的axis n轴,轴线beam n梁column n柱floor n楼板stirrup n箍筋spiral a.螺旋形的exterior wall 外墙curtain wall 幕墙bearing wall 承重墙triangle n三角形internal force 内力tensile stress 拉应力compressive stress 压应力execution n实施layout n布置Notes1.Industrial buildings are used by various factories o
21、r industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling,employment,education and other social activities.工业建筑用于各种工厂或工业生产，而民用建筑指的是那些人们用以居住、工作、教育或进行其他社会活动的场所。2.Considering only the engineering essentials,the structure of a building can be defined as the assemblage
22、of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability.Its primary purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground.建筑结构可定义为以保持形状和稳定为目的的各个基本构件的组合体。其基本目的是抵抗作用在建筑物上的各种荷载并把它传到地基上。3.The loads can be classified with respect to their effect
23、on the structure(static or dynamic)or with respect to their variation of intensity.Loads can also be classified with respect to some particular aspect.荷载可以根据它们对结构的影响（静态的或动态的）或者根据它们的密度变化进行分类，荷载也可以根据一些特定的方式进行分类。Notes4.Plane Truss is composed by a group of bars arranged in a triangle on a plane.Under t
24、he jointed loads,the internal forces in truss structure only will be the axial stress(tensile stress,or compressive stress).平面桁架是由排列在一个平面上的一组三角形构成的杆系结构，荷载作用在构件的节点上，构件中只产生轴向应力（拉应力或压应力）。5.Construction operations are generally classified according to specialized fields.These include preparation of the
25、project site,earthmoving,foundation treatment,construction of load-carrying frame and electrical and mechanical installations.However,the relative importance of each field is not the same in all cases.施工程序通常根据工种不同来分类，包括现场准备、挖运土方、地基处理、主体结构施工以及电气和机械安装，但是每个工种的相对重要性在各种情况下并不总是相同的。Exercises（Translate the
26、following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）1.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development,yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline,it has out many branch,such as:architectural engineering,the railway engineering,road engineering,bridge engineering
27、,special engineering structure,water and wastewater engineering,port engineering,hydraulic engineering,environment engineering disciplines.2.Construction project is housing planning,survey,design,construction of the floorboard.Purpose is for human life and production provide places.3.After all,but i
28、s structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance.4.Also like nature intact shaped like people,in the city I district planning based on build houses,and is the construction unit,reconnaissance unit,design unit of various design engineers and construction
29、units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.5.Foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button,where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope
30、permitted inside,and foundation itself should have sufficient strength,stiffness and durability,also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures.Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）6.建筑工程不仅仅关心获得经济的解决方案。最终，人类安全才是一个最重要的考虑因素。7.现代工程师必须并且了解结构不同组件所受到的不同力，包括两个完全相反的作用压力和拉力，在受压状态下材料被压或被推挤在一起；在受拉状态下材料被拉开或和拉长,正如一根橡皮条一样。8.建筑力学是讨论和研究建筑结构及构件在荷载和其他因素影响的工作状况，也就是建筑的强度、刚度、稳定性。9.直到19世纪后期,建筑的外墙才用来作承重墙，支撑上部结构传来的荷载。10.在载荷作用下，承受载荷和传递载荷的建筑结构和构件会引起周围的物体对它们的作用。
