1、TextProject cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days,namely transferred to the project decision and design stage.Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process,the key lies in the preconstruction investment decision-making with d
2、esign phase,whereas in the investment decision is made,the key lies in designing1.According to expert analysis:architectural design,in the preliminary design stage,design stage,construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75%95%,35%75%,5%35%;while in the construction phase,through the op
3、timization of construction organization design,construction cost saving the possibility of only 5%to 10%.Obviously we should put the focus shifted to the design stage,in order to get twice the result with half the effort.Text1.1 Pay attention to the technical and economic optimization combination.Th
4、e combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost.China engineering fields did not do this for a long time.The lack of technical personnel economy idea,design thought is conservative,the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect2.Therefore,wh
5、at we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal,in the construction process,organization,technology and economy organic ground union rises.Through the economic analysis,comparative study and effect evaluation,correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable in ec
6、onomy between the relation of unity of opposites,strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational,reasonable in economy based on advanced technology3.Text1.2 Carry out limitation is designed method.To be consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific desi
7、gn,actively promote quota design in engineering design contract,by way of bidding.This has been proven in practice an effective way,it is not only an economic problem,more precisely a technical and economic problems4.This limitation is designed had effectively control the project cost.In order to ma
8、ke the limitation is designed to achieve the desired objectives,should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer.Their design results must be practical,advanced and reasonable cost.Control of engineering cost on the other hand is the need for comparison,becaus
9、e the outcome is a process of gradual improvement,and not to decide,so the comparison is a measure of its practical,advanced and economical means.Text1.3 Do good project cost control in the process.(1)Compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme.Before construction,construction enterpris
10、es should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene,their mechanical equipment,construction experience,the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria,a set of practical and feasible construction scheme.The construction scheme is engineerin
11、g implementation of the programme of action5.(2)To technical personnel,materials,machinery and personnel staff communication and coordination.In the process of construction,construction technology,materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely，understand each other,to management as the
12、core,to reduce costs for the purpose of.(3)To the project completion settlement.Text1.4 Strict supervision system.Control project cost effectively,in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision(including cost management)system.Through analyzing the design process of supervision,ma
13、ke the design more reasonable,cost control to limit the scope of,accomplish maximize output truly with the smallest investment.To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body，cultivate a engineering team equal stress on integrity and ability.To establish a real sense of independe
14、nt engineering cost consulting agencies.Through improving the laws and regulations,normative behavior,separate government functions from enterprise management,the establishment of independent business partnership,share-holding system,the limited responsibility system and other forms of organization,
15、an industry-based,diversified services integrated project consulting company,build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions,make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency in charge of project cost whole proce
16、ss tracking management,truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role.TextTo strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction,establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism,and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in enginee
17、ring cost consulting industry status,to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners,government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge6.At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher education and in service education.A
18、s a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related,and the whole social economic activities play a very important role,it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels of knowledge,in addition to their pr
19、ofessional knowledge and have a deep understanding,also deal with the design content,design process,construction technology,project management,economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of.TextTherefore,the project cost management,project cost per unit of society groups,has alr
20、eady obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel,in order to carry out plan,has the goal,multiple levels of continuing education and training,to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology,regulations,management system and its development trend,to e
21、xpand domestic and foreign exchanges,and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities,improve their professional quality,so that the current practitioners in intelligent structure,theory and working experience three aspects can meet the needs of engineering cost managemen
22、t.Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning,in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade,should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise,educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies
23、constitute a complete education system,so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions7.transferredadj.转移的；转让的；调动的namelyadv.即，也就是phasen.阶段optimizationn.最佳化，最优化get twice the result with half the effort 事半功倍personneln.人员conservativeadj.保守的strive to努力consciouslyadv
24、.有意识地value engineering 价值工程quotan.（正式限定的）定量，定额；gradualadj.渐进的，渐（升）降的；倾斜度小的；compilationn.编辑；汇编feasibleadj.可行的；可用的；可实行的；schemen.计划；体系；be combined with 化合，联合；连同scenen.场面，现场；technical specification acceptance criteria 技术规范验收标准coordinationn.协调；和谐in charge of主管，负责；照料bilateraladj.双边的，双方的；两侧的；New Words and
25、PhrasesNotes（1）Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process,the key lies in the preconstruction investment decision-making with design phase,whereas in the investment decision is made,the key lies in designing.工程造价控制贯穿于项目建设全过程，关键在于施工前的投资决策和设计阶段，而在做出投资决策后，关键在于设计。（2）The
26、lack of technical personnel economy idea,design thought is conservative,the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect.技术人员缺乏经济观念，设计思想保守，使设计成果的经济性得不到充分体现。（3）Through the economic analysis,comparative study and effect evaluation,correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable
27、in economy between the relation of unity of opposites,strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational,reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.通过经济分析、技术比较及效果评价，正确处理技术先进与经济合理两者之间的对立统一的关系，力求在技术先进条件下的经济合理，在经济合理基础上的技术先进。Notes（4）To be consciously put the application of v
28、alue engineering to the specific design,actively promote quota design in engineering design contract,by way of bidding.This has been proven in practice an effective way,it is not only an economic problem,more precisely a technical and economic problems.要自觉地把价值工程运用到具体的设计中去，积极推行限额设计，在工程设计发包中采用招投标方式。这是
29、被实践证明的有效途径，它不单纯是一个经济问题，更准确地说是一个技术经济问题。（5）Before construction,construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene,their mechanical equipment,construction experience,the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria,a set
30、of practical and feasible construction scheme.The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action.施工前，施工企业要结合施工图纸及现场实际情况、自身的机械设备、施工经验、管理水平和技术规范验收标准，编制一套切实经济可行的施工方案。该施工方案是工程实施的行动纲领。Notes（6）To strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction,establi
31、sh project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism,and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status,to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners,government and enterprises to become connecti
32、on link and the bridge.要加强工程造价咨询行业协会的建设，建立工程造价咨询行业自律机制，不断提高工程造价协会在工程造价咨询行业的地位，使之成为真正代表行业内多数从业者的利益，成为政府与企业联系的纽带和桥梁。（7）Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning,in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade,should also work in combination with a broad understanding an
33、d master the relevant engineering and technical expertise,educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system,so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.工程造价专业人员也要加强自身的学习，除了对本专业的知识进行更新提高外，还应该结合工作广泛了解和掌握有关工程技术专业的知识
34、，国民教育机构和行业管理机构构成完备的教育体系，从而为工程造价领域高级人才的成长创造良好的条件。1.所谓工程造价的有效控制，在优化建设方案,设计方案的基础上，在建设过程的所有阶段使用某些方法和措施，以降低工程成本有一个合理控制的范围 和成本的核定限额。2.严重的商品短缺的情况下，只要有一定程度的投资将产品产出。在这种环境下，项目的规划和技术论证就不可能有经济分析。国家控制的项目成本构成要素的设备和材料价格。在这种相对稳定的经济环境，财政预算的制度，核定工程造价，帮助政府进行投资计划方面发挥了重大作用。3.随着社会主义市场经济体制的确立，要求我们预测项目的投资和控制。近年来，国际投资项目的发展提
35、倡,事前预控，事中控制。中国传统的做法，从客观的角度对事业的决策，重执行，轻技术经济。4.我们现在的任务是要与现代成本管理的，符合中国国情的市场经济的系统目标，借鉴先进发达国家的经验，建立健全市场经济规律的工程造价管理体系，努力提高工程造价的水平。5.投资决策阶段的工程造价管理建设项目投资决策阶段是提出项目建议书，进行了可行性研究，确定投资估算,最终编制设计任务。在这个阶段，项目的技术和经济决策，对建设项目工程造价的工程完成后的经济效益有着决定性的影响,建造成本是一个重要的阶段控制。Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,o
36、r English into Chinese）6.Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps:assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score;Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators;calculate the geometric design of the object on average;from comparison choose the
37、best design.7.Construction No.10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management.clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories.This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise,in the tender document to include not on
38、ly the usual content,like tender notes before schedule,tender notes,the conditions of the contract,the contract terms of the agreement,contract format,technical specifications,drawings,tender documents and other reference format,it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory,Bidding as a
39、reference document of the important components.8.Control material consumption,rationally define material prices.Cost of the project control materials price control is the main,the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion,usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%,repr
40、esenting the direct costs of 80%.It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control;material set reasonable prices,so as to effectively control the cost of the project.Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chin
41、ese）9.In the construction process,we must tighten customs change,through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards;increase the construction and contents,the best implementation of the hierarchical control,visa quota system.10.Construction of the project from planning to
42、 implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the person.In addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.Exercises（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）
