1、 专题七 概要写作 定主旨依逻辑高效抢分 命题专家说考情 命题特点 1概要写作主题语境以“人与社会”和“人与自我”为主。 选材内容和学生的日常生活有密切的关系。 2概要写作的原文一般是议论文或说明文。文章结构比较清 楚。 3概要写作是读写结合的题型，既考查学生理解文章主旨和 段落中心的能力，又考查学生用正确的语法形式、合适的语言表 达主旨的能力。 4文章结构比较清楚，但文章难度会稳中有升，略高于阅读 理解的文章。 5文章取材大多会来自国外报刊、网站。 失分原因失分原因 1不能准确抓住要点。概要写作的重点是能概括出要点，如 果要点弄错了，那么就失去了目标。如果不能抓住要点，句子写 得再好，也不能
2、得分。 2随意打乱文章的结构。概要写作一般会提供结构比较清楚 的文章。而写概要的时候，一般都是按照文章的结构去概括要 点。不要轻易打乱文章的结构。 3各个要点的独立性不够。考试说明对要点的独立性有明确 的要求。因此，我们对要点的陈述也要相对独立，一般不要把几 个要点放到一个句子当中。 4照抄原文中的句子。概要写作的独立性除了各个要点的独 立之外，其实还要求考生用自己的语言去概括文章，不能直接照 抄原文的句子。因此，切记要用自己的语言，而不是原文中的句 子来概括要点。 概要写概要写作评分标准作评分标准 考试说明给出了概要写作的评分标准。这既是评分的标准， 其实也是考生平时练习时的参考标准。考生在
3、备考写作时，应该 时刻牢记评分标准，并根据评分标准的要求去练习。 1本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。 2评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档 次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。 3词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。 4评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑： (1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况； (2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性； (3)上下文的连贯性； (4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。 5拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时， 应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 6如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。 概括要点的必备技能和知识储备
4、概括要点的必备技能和知识储备 写概要写作时要先读懂原文，把握文章主旨大意和作者观 点，抓关键词，筛选与主旨有关的主要信息。然后，借助已掌握 的语言知识，对原语篇进行“浓缩”，写出一个新的语篇。而新 的语篇，既要做到在语篇结构、语篇衔接和连贯各要素上与原文 保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通 顺。 (一一)写作步骤写作步骤 第一步 阅读全文，把握主旨和结构 一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理，能否把握文章的主旨，都 是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此，阅读全文，可以为考生从 宏观上把握文章的主旨和结构、行文逻辑、判断文章的体裁奠定 基础。 第二步 查找信息，分清主次 概要写作，要求考
5、生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信息 的能力。在第二遍细读时，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，略过次 要信息和细节性信息，以免影响概要写作的简洁性；同时，要养 成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。 第三步 概括段意，提炼要点 考生在理解全文内容，弄清主次关系之后，可以初步写出每 段的段落大意，注意每段归纳主题句和关键词，避免出现遗漏要 点或增添要点的情况。 第四步 改写要点，灵活表达 为了使所写概要简明、扼要，就要对罗列的每段大意进行整 合；同时为了避免使用原文的句子，就需要考生灵活采用同义词 或近义词进行替换，用不同的句式进行转换，并在必要的地方添 加衔接词，使各要点之间能够通顺、流畅。 第五步 检查修
6、改，整理誊写 写完初稿后，需要在内容上、语言上以及上下文的连贯性上 进行检查：看是否包括了原文的所有要点，语言词汇的运用是否 准确和地道，以及行文是否流畅；另外，还要注意词数限制和书 写规范。检查修改完后，就是誊写。一定要注意书写工整、清 晰。 (二二)高分技巧高分技巧 概要写作常备优秀元素 一、巧用导入句，亮人一眼 1A survey/An experiment/An invention/A research. finds/discovers/proves/shows. 2According to a recent survey/experiment/invention. 3Accordin
7、g to experts/specialists/Dr. White. 4Experts/specialists/researchers.say. 5It is expected that. 6Hopefully，. 二、改写句子，方法独特 1同义替换：例如：be good tobenefit; be afraid to doprevent/discourage.from; too muchexcessive(高级词汇)；the same aslikewise(高级词汇)。 2反义转换：例如：sincereinsincere; encouragediscourage。 3词性转换：例如：rec
8、ognize your childparents recognition; strongly againststrong opposition。 4利用介词短语法：We are sure to finish it in time because so many people are helping us. With so many people helping us, we are sure to finish it in time. 5句式变化法 (1)语态变换 It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world
9、 today. Computers are widely used in the world today. (2)简单句合并为复合句 The weather turned out to be very good. This was more than we could expect. The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. (3)连词衔接法 He insisted on staying. He was not willing to go. He insisted on stayin
10、g rather than going. (4)语序改变法 Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests were present at the meeting. Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests. (5)特殊句式法(not.but，倒装，there be, etc.) The quality of praise is more important than the quantity. What ma
11、tters here isnt quantity but quality. 三、巧用代词连词，概要结构紧凑 写概要第三步：衔接。积累并熟练掌握充当句子内部或者句 子之间的逻辑关系的衔接手段。优先考虑使用最短连接词，常见 衔接词如下： 转折：but, however, yet, nevertheless 结果：so, thus, therefore, consequently, in fact 原因：because, as, since, for, due to/owing to 对比：instead, likewise, on the contrary 让步：though, as, altho
12、ugh, despite 列举：first(ly), next/later, then, finally/eventually 增补：also, besides, whats more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, above all. 举例：for example, for instance 替代：alternatively 解释：namely, in other words, which means, refer to, that is to say, or rather 目的：assumed to, aim to, mainly deal wi
13、th, focus on 四、高频词汇，高人一头 在概要写作中你可以利用这些词语替换原文中的词汇 1 about关于 concerning, regarding，related to, be relevant to 2 actually事实上 in fact, as a matter of fact，in reality 3 aim at旨在 be aimed to, be aimed at, be intended to, be meant to 4 appear出现 appearance, turn up, show up 5 approach靠近，临近 come near, draw n
14、ear 6 besides而且，另外 additionally, in addition，whats more, moreover, furthermore 7 be pride of为感到骄 傲/自豪 take pride in 8 energetic精力充沛的 full of energy 9 have fun玩得开心 enjoy oneself, have a good time 10 hold举行 take place 11 honor/honour纪念 in honour of 12 intelligent聪明的 clever, wise, smart, bright, brilli
15、ant 13 in a word总之 all in all, in conclusion, in short, in brief, to sum up 14 finally最后 in the end, eventually, at the end of 15 in the beginning开始 at the start of, to begin with 五、针对学生易犯错误，写完后自问 1内容涵盖全部要点了吗？各要点是否独立表述？ 2内容理解正确吗？避开陈述个人观点了吗？ 3用自己的语言(变换词汇及语法结构)组织概要了吗？(严禁 整句抄自原文) 4使用连接成分(代词、连词)使上下文连贯了吗
16、？ 5呈现的是最精简的概要吗？字数多于80词了吗？ 概要写作解题策略概要写作解题策略 五步速成法五步速成法 典例示范典例示范 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 2019 浙江卷6月Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to
17、be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able t
18、o stay on top where their parents praise has put them. Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their acco
19、mplishments. So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially r
20、ecognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.” Your son may not be the best
21、basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a
22、 book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case- by- case basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it. 解题流程解题流程 本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了如何有效表扬孩子的问题。 文章结构清楚，论点明确。 第一步：速阅读抓段落主题句和全文主题句 1第一段，指出如今，父母总是给孩子们很多赞扬，希望增 强他们的自信，但是这可能产生相反的效果。第一段主题句：Too much praise
23、 can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them. 2第二段，论述了在批评和表扬孩子方面不要走极端，不表 扬孩子也不好。第二段主题句：Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. 3
24、第三段，指出了什么是高质量的表扬，对孩子们的表扬要 真诚，并且说明表扬的核心是要关注过程而非结果。第三段主题 句：If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. 4第四段，归纳总结，指出表扬应遵循的原则，即表扬应与 其付出努力的程度成正比。第四段主题句：But whatever it is, praise should be given on a
25、case- by- case basis and be proportionate (相 称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it. 5读完全文，发现各个段落中都难以找到一个概括全篇的支 持句。这就需要我们总结出全文主题句：How to praise kids is really a sensitive problem. 第二步：分段落理文章篇章结构及内容逻辑关系 第三步：找要点抓关键词，为组织语言护航 1第一段要点：parents,_praise_their_kids,_the_opposite 2第二段要点：not_giv
26、ing_enough_praise,_damaging 3第三段要点： give_praise,_focus_on,_the_process,_not_the_outcome 4第四段要点： praise_his_effort,_not_the_outcome,_the_amount_of_effort,_put_into 第四步：试改写不要全盘照抄原文句子，尽量用自己的语言 进行转换表达 1第一段主题句：Too much praise or praise given_in_a_wrong way may have the_opposite_effects on children. 2第二段主
27、题句：Yet, both too much and too little praise can be equally_damaging 3第三段主题句：When giving praise, parents should be sincere and concentrate on the_process instead of the_result. 4第四段指出：Similarly, they ought to give praise for how_much_effort_their_kids have put into the work. 第五步：再修改查看各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和衔接情
28、 况，让语篇更连贯 _ _ _ _ How to praise kids is really a sensitive problem. (要点1) Experts believe that too much praise or praising the kids in a wrong way may have the opposite effects on children. On the other hand, too little praise also does harm to kids development. (要点2) To gain the best result, our pr
29、aise should focus on the process rather than the result. (要 点3) Similarly, they ought to give praise for how much effort their kids have put into the work. (要点4) 沙场练兵 写满分作文 Writing 1 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 2020 金华十校4月模拟Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect ou
30、r thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical (实证的) basis. They are discovering how to design space that promotes creativity, keeps people focused and leads to relaxation. Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity.
31、 In 2007, Joan Meyers- Levy at the University of Minnesota, reported that the height of a rooms ceiling affects how people think. Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely, which may lead them to make more abstract connections. Lower ceilings, on the other han
32、d, may inspire a more detailed outlook. In addition to ceiling height, the view afforded by a building may influence a persons ability to concentrate. Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of
33、 a family move made the most gains in a standard test of attention. According to another study at the University of Georgia, using nature to improve the focus of attention seems to pay off academically. They found that students in classrooms with unblocked views of at least 50 feet outside the windo
34、w had higher scores in tests of vocabulary, language arts and maths than those students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots. A recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim (暗淡的) light helps people to loosen up. If that is true generally, keeping the light low durin
35、g dinner or at parties could increase relaxation. Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax. So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so were almost looking at the pro
36、blem through a straw，” architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? Thats what were all struggling with.” _ _ _ Writing 1 【佳作展台】 Scientists are studying how to design the living places to benefit us. (要点1) Researches show
37、that physical environment, like the height of ceilings, can affect peoples creativity. (要点2) More greenness or a broader vision can improve ones attention span, and then academic performance. (要点3) Dim light and round- edged furniture bring people relaxation. (要点4) But so far, similar studies have b
38、een limited to a small scale. (要点5) Writing 2 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。 2020 浙江舟山中学3月模拟Perhaps youve heard the old saying “curiosity killed the cat”. Its a phrase thats often used to warn peopleespecially childrennot to ask too many questions. Yet its widely agreed that curiosity actually makes lea
39、rning more effective. In fact, research has shown that curiosity is just as important as intelligence in determining how well students do in school. Curiosity can also lead us to make unexpected discoveries, bring excitement to our lives, and open up new possibilities. In science, basic curiosity- d
40、riven research can have unexpected important benefits. For example, one day in 1831, Michael Faraday was playing around with a coil and a magnet when he suddenly saw how he could produce an electrical current. At first, it wasnt clear what use this would have, but it actually made electricity availa
41、ble for use in technology, and so changed the world. However, curiosity is currently under the biggest threat, coming from technology. On one level, this is because technology has become so advanced that many of us are unable to think too deeply how exactly things work any more. While it may be poss
42、ible for a curious teenager to take a toaster apart and get some sense of how it works, how much do you understand what happens when you type a website address into a browser? Where does your grasp of technology end and the magic begin for you? In addition to this, theres the fact that we all now co
43、nnect so deeply with technology, particularly with our phones. The more we stare at our screens, the less we talk to other people directly. All too often we accept the images of people that the social media provide us with. Then we feel we know enough about a person not to need to engage further wit
44、h them. That means we end up inside our own little bubbles, no longer coming across new ideas. Perhaps the real key to developing curiosity in the 21st century, then, is to rely less on the tech tools of our age. _ _ _ _ Writing 2 【佳作展台】 Curiosity, as is revealed in research, is vital to students go
45、od academic performance. (要点1) It also activates many scientific discoveries of unexpected benefits. (要点2) However, up- to- date technology is now killing curiosity by hindering our capability to further explore how things go on. (要点3) Additionally, intimate exposure to technology, phones in particular, will mislead us into accepting peoples virtual images online rather than make people have a deep insight into them. (要点4) Therefore, to encourage curiosity, dont depend on technology excessively. (要点5)
