1、1 - 【题型总览】 试卷 年份 体裁 考查类型 细节理 解 推理判 断 主旨大 意 词句 猜测 全国卷 2020 年 应用文；议论文；说明文； 说明文 7 5 2 1 2019 年 应用文；记叙文；说明文； 议论文 7 5 2 1 2018 年 应用文；说明文；说明文； 说明文 7 5 2 1 全国卷 2020 年 应用文；说明文；说明文； 记叙文 9 2 2 2 2019 年 应用文；夹叙夹议文；说 明文；说明文 8 4 2 1 2018 年 应用文；说明文；议论文； 议论文 9 3 2 1 全国卷 2020 年 应用文；记叙文；说明文； 说明文 8 3 3 1 2019 年 应用文；议论
2、文；说明文； 说明文 10 3 1 1 2018 年 应用文；说明文；记叙文； 夹叙夹议文 9 3 2 1 【命题趋势】 1选材特点：以社会文化、学习生活、艺术体育、认识自我、科技发明为主；兼顾环境 及生态保护、中国元素。所选材料语言地道、内容丰富、贴近生活，富有很强的时代气息。 2体裁特点：体裁全面多样，文章具有英语语言特有的文化特征，信息量大，对考生的 阅读速度和快速处理信息的能力要求高。 3题型特点：题型以细节理解和推理判断为主，主旨大意和词句猜测为辅。 4命题特点：命题体现“立德树人”的教育根本任务，注重“五育并举”，将学科素养 的考核融入对语言能力的考查，注重对思维品质、学习能力和文
3、化品格的考查，更加注重传 统文化和核心价值的体现。 【备考方案】 词汇层面：在阅读过程中，对于无关紧要的词汇要学着“跳过去”，比如人名、地名、 组织名等。对语篇中适量词汇意义的理解存在模糊甚至不知其意的状况是正常现象，大不必 心生焦虑；对影响阅读质量、影响解题的关键生词要“猜出来” ，具体方法在后面“词句猜测” 部分进行阐述；对于课标要求的词汇要“熟起来” ，尤其要注意“一词多义”和“熟词生义” 现象。 句意层面：对于阅读中设题处的长难句要学会分析。分析长难句的核心技法是根据五种 基本句式摘出句子主干主谓(宾)，其关注点有：1.一个句子有且只有一个谓语，如果一个 句子有了两个或两个以上的谓语，
4、则必有连词或从句的出现(注意定语从句和宾语从句连词的 省略，而 to do，doing 在没有 be 动词时都不是谓语动词)；2.去除所有修饰成分，包括介词短 语、非谓语动词、修饰语等；3.充分利用并列成分。 语篇层次：学习语篇知识是发展语言运用能力的基础，不同类型的语篇有不同的(命题) 特点。考虑语篇，要考虑语篇的体裁、发展线索、框架结构、语篇的立论句等。这些信息不 - 2 - 仅有助于加深对语篇意义的理解，还有助于使用不同类型的语篇进行有效的表达与交流。除 整体语篇外，还要考虑语篇的段落，明确各个段落的主题句、各段落在语篇中的作用及目的。 第一节 细节理解题 常见设问形式 1特殊疑问句形式
5、。以 when，where，what，which，who，how much/many 等疑问词引 出的问题。 2判断是非形式。含有 TRUE/FALSE，NOT TRUE 或 EXCEPT 等判断是非的问题。此 时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not，never 等。 3以“According to.”开头的提问形式。 4填空形式。如：The biggest challenge for most mothers is from _ 正确选项特征 1同义替换。替换关键词，如把 lose ones job 换成了 be out of work；变换词性，如把 important 变换成 of i
6、mportance；改变语态，如主动语态变成被动语态。 2信息归纳。用精练的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。 3正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。 干扰选项特征 1张冠李戴。是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。 2无中生有。符合常识，但不是文章的内容。 3曲解文义。与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。 4颠倒是非。在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。 5正误参半。部分正确，部分错误。 题型 1 直接信息题 (2020 高考全国卷 A 片段) The Lake District Attractions Guide Dalemain Mansion
7、& Historic Gardens History，Culture & Landscape(景观). Open：. Town：. . Dove Cottage & The Wordsworth Museum Discover William Wordsworths inspirational home.Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage，walk through his hillside garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum.Visit the shop and rela
8、x in the caf .Exhibitions，events and family activities throughout the year. Open：. Town: Grasmere 23Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworths life? APenrith. BKendal. CCarlisle. DGrasmere. 思维可视化 - 3 - 技巧点拨 利用平行结构可快速定位信息。文中每一个湖区旅游指南的信息和位置具有一致性和对 应性，只要看清一个湖区景点指南中信息呈现的先后顺序，其他几个湖区景点指南
9、中信息的 呈现顺序也就明了了。读完题干后就可以根据这一特征快速地查找所需要的信息。如读完 23 题题干后，直接到每个湖区景点指南下搜索即可，而且重点搜索含 discover(题干中 explore 的 同义词)的部分。 题型 2 间接信息题 (2020 高考全国卷 B 片段) There are three books I reread annually.The first， which I take to reading every spring， is Ernest Hemingways A Moveable Feast.Published in 1964，its his classic
10、memoir of 1920s Paris.The language is almost intoxicating(令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.Another is Annie Dillards Holy the Firm. 25What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast? AIts a brief account of a trip. BIts about Hemingways life as a young man. CIts a
11、 record of a historic event. DIts about Hemingways friends in Paris. 思维可视化 技巧点拨 细节理解题正确答案的选项通常不是文中的原话，而是使用与文中词语同义或近义的词 汇来表达，这增加了题目的难点，需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义的转换，将确定 的文章信息进行加工， 然后进行进一步的辨别。 上题中正确选项中的 as a young man 与文中 an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time 匹配。 题型 3 综合推断题 (2020 高考全国卷
12、 C 片段) When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list， fur probably didnt cross your mind.But some ecologists and fashion(时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠) Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn h
13、ave showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles.“It sounds crazy to talk about guilt- free furunless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year，” says Cree McCree，project director of - 4 - Righteous Fur. Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they d
14、ecided to pay hunters D|S5 a tail.Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month. Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild.“The ecosystem down there cant handle this non- native species(物种) Its destroying the environment.Its t
15、hem or us，” says Michael Massimi，an expert in this field. 29Why are scientists concerned about nutria? ANutria damage the ecosystem seriously. BNutria are an endangered species. CNutria hurt local cat- sized animals. DNutria are illegally hunted. 思维可视化 技巧点拨 从文章中找到包含所需信息的段落，迅速确定关键词所在的句子(句群)，然后重点解读。 对
16、于离散的细节理解或数字运算题，需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据，然后再进行简单分 析及相应整合。 A (2020 永州三模)Modern architecture has brought many amazing buildings to the world.Here are some of the strangest buildings in the world. Habitat 67，Montreal，Canada Habitat 67 is a very interesting arrangement of cubes，which looks like the building block
17、s that children play with.It is pretty interesting how it was designed.In its material sense，the cube is a symbol of stability.It looks so original and at the same time comfortable for living.It was created as a main attraction for Expo 67， one of the worlds largest universal expositions(博览会)， where
18、 housing was one of the main themes. The Basket Building，Ohio，United States The Longaberger Basket Company building in Newark，Ohio might just be a strangest office building in the world.The 180，000- square- foot building，a copy of the companys famous market basket，cost $30 million and took two years
19、 to complete.Many experts tried to persuade Dave Longaberger to change his plans，but he wanted an exact copy of the real thing. The Crooked House，Sopot，Poland Finished in 2003， the Crooked House has an extraordinary and amazing structure.Its design was based on the pictures of Polish artist Jan Marc
20、in Szancer and Swedish painter Per Dahlberg.It looks as if it had been taken from a cartoon: The building lines are not straight，but they are balanced，so the house is not ugly at all，just strange！The interesting part is how builders managed to create this genius idea，but the house is a fact and ever
21、yone admires their creativity. La Pedrera，Spain It is situated in the Eixample district of Barcelona，Catalonia，Spain.The story of the house is pretty interesting.The house was designed by Antoni Gaudi and built for a married couple.It is an extraordinary but stylish building considered to be highly
22、unconventionalthere is not even one - 5 - straight line! 语篇解读 这是一篇应用文，介绍了四个令人惊奇的现代建筑。 1Which of the buildings above is associated with a toy? AHabitat 67. BThe Basket Building. CThe Crooked House. DLa Pedrera. 解析：细节理解题。根据 Habitat 67，Montreal，Canada 中第一句“.which looks like the building blocks that chi
23、ldren play with.”可知答案。 答案：A 2What can we learn about the Basket Building? AIt was built for exhibition. BIt was designed following the pictures. CIt was constructed according to its original design. DIt might be the strangest office building in the world. 解析： 细节理解题。 根据 The Basket Building， Ohio， Uni
24、ted States 中“Many experts tried to persuade Dave Longaberger to change his plans，but he wanted an exact copy of the real thing.” 可知这个建筑物是根据最初的设计建造的。 答案：C 3What do the Crooked House and La Pedrera have in common? AThey both look very ugly. BThey are built by Antoni Gaudi. CTheir design patterns are c
25、ommon. DTheir construction lines are bent. 解析：细节理解题。根据 The Crooked House，Sopot，Poland 中的“The building lines are not straight”和 La Pedrera， Spain 中的“there is not even one straight line”可知这两个建筑物都没 有用直线设计。 答案：D B Reducing，reusing，and recycling is a way of life in Sweden.Recycling is required by law and
26、 garbage is sorted at home before it goes to a recycling center.Recyclables are sorted into seven categories and recycling stations are within just 300 meters of all residential areas.“Recycling almost everything is a must in Sweden now.It actually feels very uncomfortable when you visit another cou
27、ntry and cant find easy ways to recycle，” said Owen Gaffney，an expert at Stockholm Resilience Centre and Future Earth. But not all of its garbage is recycled.Sweden uses alternatives that include incinerating garbage to make electricity instead of using fossil fuels(化石燃料)to heat 1.2 million homes.Ab
28、out half of household garbage is sent to one of the 33 waste- to- heat plants.Sweden is importing garbage from other countries to keep these plants running.Sweden is also a world leader in turning food waste into eco- friendly biogas.It has made food waste collection compulsory beginning in 2021.The
29、re is a food waste biogas plant，which allows biogas to be used to run public buses and to heat apartment buildings. Sweden now wants to deal with those remaining items that cannot be recycled by using a circular(循环论证的)economy approach.It means that products can be reused and only recycled when absol
30、utely necessary.The Swedish government formed an advisory group to find a way of making this part of its environmental policy. This will not work effectively unless people are taught to change their behavior.Now the government is reforming its tax code so that people could get cheaper repairs or buy
31、 used things.The large Swedish clothing retailer(零售商)H&M operates a recycling program that gives customers discounts when they bring back old clothing. Sweden is fighting climate change by doing all the right stuff.Waste recycling and the plans to switch to a circular economy will go a long way in r
32、educing its carbon footprint and will help stop global warming. - 6 - 语篇解读 本文讲述了在瑞典，减少、再利用和回收是一种生活方式。瑞典政府鼓励人 们回收和使用二手商品，废品先分类，再回收。 4What do we know about Sweden? ASweden imports household garbage for biogas. BIt is convenient to recycle things in Sweden. CHalf of garbage in Sweden is used to produce
33、 heat. DEverything is recycled after being used in Sweden. 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Recyclables are sorted into seven categories and recycling stations are within just 300 meters of all residential areas.”可知，在瑞典回收物品是很方 便的。 答案：B 5What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean? ABurning. BTreating. CThrowi
34、ng. DReusing. 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，瑞典通过焚烧化石燃料的替代品垃圾 来发电，为 120 万个家庭供热。画线词 incinerating 的意思是“焚烧”，与 burning 同义。 答案：A 6What does the advisory group do? ATeach people how to save fossil fuels. BConduct a survey about the local economy. COffer advice on environmental policy. DMake sure the citizens recycle
35、 wisely. 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The Swedish government formed an advisory group to find a way of making this part of its environmental policy.”可知，瑞典政府成立了一个咨询小组， 目的是找到一个方法使通过循环经济法处理不能被回收利用的产品的做法成为政府环境政策 的一部分，即咨询小组的职责就是为环境政策提供建议。 答案：C 7How does the government encourage its citizens to reuse? AIt provides va
36、rious recycling programs. BIt cuts down taxes on new products. CIt gives discounts to regular buyers. DIt offers lower prices for repairs. 解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Now the government is reforming its tax code so that people could get cheaper repairs or buy used things.”可知， 政府正在改革其免税代码， 以便使 维修更便宜，并鼓励人们购买二手
37、商品。 答案：D 熟词生义：Para.2：plant 常用义：n.植物 v.种植 文章义：n.发电厂，工厂 a nuclear reprocessing plant 核物质再处理厂 a chemical plant 化工厂 - 7 - 第二节 推理判断题 常见设问形式 1细节推理判断题 细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人 物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。呈现形式 有： It can be inferred from the text that _ It can be concluded from the pass
38、age that_ The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that _ 2观点、态度推理判断题 该类型的命题常常以下列形式呈现： The attitude of the author towards somebody/something is_ The authors attitude towards.can be best described as_ The tone of this passage is best described as_ 3写作意图推理判断题 该类型的命题常常以下列形式呈现： The main purpose of t
39、his text is_ Whats the authors purpose in writing this article? It can be concluded that the passage is mainly written for _ The author writes this passage to_ The author in this passage intends to_ 4文章出处推理判断题 该类型的命题常常以下列形式呈现： This passage most likely comes from_ In which part of a newspaper can you
40、 most probably read the text? Where does the text most probably come from? From which is the text probably taken? 正确选项特征 推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或论据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正 确选项一般具有以下特征： 1“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 2选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如 only，never，all，absolutely 等；正确答案的表 述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如 often，usually，so
41、metimes， some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably 等。 干扰选项特征 1主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断。 2过度推断：有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推 断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。 3错误推断：某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置 等。 4细节代替推断：只是原文简单的叙述，而非推断出来的结论。 题型 1 逻辑关联得推论 (2020 高考全国卷 C 片段) Then theres Righteous Fur and its unusual fashio
42、ns.Model Paige Morgan says，“To give people a guilt- free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on themI think thats going to be a massive thing，at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for
43、 her creations is morally acceptable.Shes trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco- friendly. 31What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan? - 8 - AIts formal. BIts risky. CIts harmful. DIts traditional. 思维可视化 技巧点拨 1抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一
44、段话中的关键信息，即某些关键 词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。 2整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关 的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。 3以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象。 题型 2 文体特点看意图 (2019 高考全国卷 B 片段) Whaley got the idea of this second- grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands
45、 if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves. 26We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to_ Ahelp students see the
46、ir own strengths Bassess students public speaking skills Cprepare students for their future jobs Dinspire students love for politics 思维可视化 技巧点拨 to entertain readers常见于故事类的文章； to persuade readers常见于广告类的文章； to inform readers 多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章。从文体的写作特点来看： 记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现高度概括的总结性的语言，且往往有一定的哲理性， 所有
47、的叙述都是围绕该哲理展开。 广告类应用文：文章中有对某种物品或服务的详尽介绍，使用具有明显支持倾向的语言。 说明文：写作目的有赖于对文章主旨的把握，阅读时需要找准主题句。 议论文：提出论点进行论证得出结论，作者的意图往往隐含于最后一部分中。 题型 3 忠于措辞判态度 - 9 - (2020 高考全国卷 C 片段) And what does Nick think？“From my standpoint，it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it？Yes，I think I would.” 29What is Nicks attitud
48、e towards sharing the house with his mother- in- law? APositive. BCarefree. CTolerant. DUnwilling. 思维可视化 技巧点拨 1注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐 含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。 (1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物 的观点。 (2)要善于捕捉描写环境气氛，表达感情、观点态度和心理的词句来推断作者的观点态度。 (3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推 断。
49、 2牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语： (1)表示支持或肯定： positive 积极肯定的； supportive 支持的； optimistic 乐观的； humorous 幽默的；enthusiastic 热情的；pleasant 愉快的。 (2)表示中立：indifferent 不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested 不感兴趣的；objective 客 观的；neutral 中立的；not mentioned 未提及的。 (3)表示反对或否定：disgusted 憎恶的，厌恶的；critical 批评的；negative 否定的，消极的； suspicious/skeptical 怀疑的；disappointed 失望的；disapproving 不赞成的。 题型 4 语言特色定出处 (2019 高考全国卷 C 片段) As data and identity theft becomes more and more common，the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologieslike fingerprint scanst
