1、专题专题 1111 定语从句定语从句 一、一、 定语从句概览定语从句概览 二、二、 语法详解语法详解 在复合句中作定语，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句 在句中的作用相当于形容词。被修饰的部分叫先行词先行词，连接先行词与从句的词叫做关关 系词系词。 （1 1） 限制性定语从句与非限制限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制限制性定语从句的区别 定语从句 分类 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 关系词 关系代词 who，whom,which, that, whose 关系副词 when, where, why 介词+关系代词 介词+which/whom 定语从句是高考的热点
2、，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在 非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有：1. 关系代词 which 引导的非限制性定语 从句；2.关系副词 where 引导的定语从句（近年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概 念的名词的情况）；3.“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；4.as 引导的 非限制性定语从句。 高考分析 分类 关系词的使用 用法 定定 语语 从从 句句 限制性定语从句 作宾语的关系 代词可以省 略；可用 that 引导 对先行词起修饰限制作用 非限制性定语从句 关系代词在任 何情况下都不 能省略；不用 that 引导 对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制 性定语从句中
3、，先行词与定语从句往 往有逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相 当于并列句、状语从句等 1. He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.) 2. He has tow sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.) 3. He failed in the match, which was a great pity.(非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面整 个句子) （=He failed in the match, and
4、 it was a great pity.） (2)(2)定语从句关系词的用法定语从句关系词的用法 关系关系 先行词先行词 关系代词在从句中充当的成关系代词在从句中充当的成 分分 who 指人 主语、宾语 whom 指人 宾语 which 指物 主语、宾语 that 指人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 指人或物 定语 as 指人或物 主语、宾语 when 指时间 作时间状语 where 指地点 作地点状语 why 指原因 作原因状语 注意：注意：1.1.作宾语时作宾语时 whowho 和和 whomwhom 常可互换，但作宾语的关系代词前有介词时用常可互换，但作宾语的关系代词前有介词时用
5、whomwhom。 The old man with whom I often go to the park is my grandfather. 2.2. “whose+whose+名词”可与“限定词名词”可与“限定词+ +名词名词+of which/whom+of which/whom”或“”或“of which/whom +of which/whom +限限 定词定词+ +名词”换用。名词”换用。 The house whose windows(=the windows of which 或 of which the windows) face the street is my uncl
6、es. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. =This is the scientist, the achievement of whom are well known. =This is the scientist, of whom the achievements are well known. 例句：例句： 1. The boy who/that was in the office yesterday is my brother. 2. I have many friends to whom I am goin
7、g to send postcards. 3. The work that/which has just been finished is very important. 4. Thats the girl (whom/who/that) I teach. 5. This is the student whose handwriting is the best in our school. 6. I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 7. The house where I lived ten years ago
8、has been pulled down. 8. Id like to know the reason why you are so late. (3)(3)关系代词与关系副词选用依据关系代词与关系副词选用依据 判断依据 说明说明 例句例句 根据从句中的谓语 动词判断 从句谓语动词为及物动词，后 面如无宾语，就需用关系代 词；从句谓语为不及物动词则 要用关系副词 This is the factory that/which I visited last year.(visit 及物动词) This is the factory where he used to work.(work 不及物动词
9、) 根据先行词在从句 中所作的成分判断 先行词在从句中作主语、宾 语、定语时，用关系代词；作 状语时用关系副词 Is this the museum (that/which) you visited a few days ago? (作宾语) Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?(作状语) ( (4 4) )关系代词关系代词 thatthat 和和 whichwhich 的区别的区别 1. 1. 在限制性定语从句中，用关系词在限制性定语从句中，用关系词 thatthat 不用不用 whichwhich 的情况：的情况： 先行词是不定
10、代词或被不定代词 all，little， few， much，everything，anything， nothing，none，some 等修饰时 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? I have some books that are worth reading. 先行词被 the very，the only，the right，the last 等修饰时 This is the very bus that Im waiting for. 先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数 词、形容词最高级修饰时 This is
11、 the best way that has been used against pollution. This train is the first that will go to Suzhou. 当先行词既有人又有物时 Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about? 当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时 Which is the bike that you lost? 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用 which，另外一个宜用 that They secretly built up a sma
12、ll factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从 句中也作表语时 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 主句时 there be 句型且关系词在从句中作 主语时，用 that 不用 which 引导 There is a seat in the corner that is still available. 2.2. 当先行词指事当先行词指事/ /物时，定语从句中关系代词用物时，定语从句中关系代词用 whichwhic
13、h 不用不用 thatthat 的情况：的情况： 在非限制性定语从句中，只用 which，不用 that The sports meeting was put off, which astonished me. 当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用 which， 不用 that This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 先行词后面有插入语是，只用 which，不用 that Here is the English grammer book which, as Ive told you, will help you improve your Engli
14、sh. 先行词本身是 that 时，只用 which，不用 that Whats that which flashed through the sky just now? 题组训练，用关系代词题组训练，用关系代词 thatthat 或或 whichwhich 填空填空 1. I refuse to accept the blame for somehting _ was someone elses fault. 2. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. 3. All the pre
15、sents _ your friends gace you on your birthday should be put away. 4. This is the very book _ I have been looking for. 5. He was late for the opening ceremony, _was very surprising to me. (5)(5)as as 与与 whichwhich 的用法区别的用法区别 as (1)引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、 表语。常用于下列结构：such名词as . 意为“像一样的；像之
16、类的”； such(代词)as .，意为“像一样的；像之类的”；the same (名词) as .意为“和同样的”。 He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(作主语) I have the same book as you (have)(作宾语) (2)引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分，意为“正如；像”。 You cant judge a book by its cover， as the old saying goes.(作宾语)正如老话所说的那样： “人不可貌相。” 特别注意 关系代词在从句中作宾语时一
17、般可省略，但其前有介词时一般不可省略。 2whichwhich 与与 asas 引导非限制性定语从句的引导非限制性定语从句的 3 3 点区别点区别 which as 位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如 see, hear, know, expect, remember 等 意思上 意为 “这” 表示“正如，正像的那样” She married again, which was unexpected. 她再婚了，这是始料未及的。 She married again, as we expected.
18、正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。 (6 6)关系副词与关系代词的易混点关系副词与关系代词的易混点 若先行词为一些表示地点的抽象名词，如 situation, point, stage, position, part, condition, case 等，且引导词在从句中作状语，则常用关系副词 where 或“介词关系代词”引导定 语从句。如果引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词 that/which引导。 I have come to the point where/at which I cant stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的地步。 Hes got into the s
19、ituation where/in which he is in debt. 他已经陷入负债累累的境地。 At last he got the position (that/which) he had been dreaming of. 他最终得到了他梦寐以求的那个职位。 （7 7）“介词关系代词介词关系代词”引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 构成 句法功能 用法指津 名词(代词)介词关系代词 主语 可转化为“whose名词”结构 数词(形容词最高级)of关系代词 主语 数词还可以用 some, many, most, each 等不定代词替换 介词(短语)关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用 whic
20、h 或 whom 且不能 省略，但可与关系副词互换(从句常用 倒装语序) 介词关系代词名词 状语 关系代词常用 which 和 whose 介词关系副词 状语 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副 词 where/when 前加介词 from 或 to The newly- built gymnasium, the walls of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard study.新建成的体育馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说真 是一个安静的去处，特别是在刻苦学
21、习后。 He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever. 他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。 She still remembers the day on which she won the prize. 她仍然记得她获奖的那一天。 He is studying in the classroom now, in front of which stand two trees.他现在正在前面有两 棵树的那间教室里学习。 Mother is preparing lunch, during which time children are
22、playing outside.妈妈在准备午餐， 在此期间，孩子们在外面玩。 There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station. 我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。 (二)两个注意点 1“介词which/whom”引导的定语从句中介词的确定： (1)根据从句中动词、形容词等与介词的习惯搭配来确定。 Do you know the girl with/to whom the teacher talked just now？你认识刚才和老师谈话的 那个女孩吗？(talk 作“交谈”讲时，
23、常与 with 或 to 搭配) (2)根据语意表达的需要来确定。 Knowledge is the wings with which we realize our dreams. 知识是我们借以实现梦想的翅膀。(with 表示用某种手段、工具) 2“介词which名词”结构引导的定语从句。常见的这类结构有： during which time 在此期间 at which time 在这时 at which point在这一时刻 for which reason 由于这个原因 in which case在这一情况下 （8 8）定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持
24、一致 当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方 面面应该与先行词保持一致。应该与先行词保持一致。 1.1. O One of+ne of+复数名词复数名词+ +关系代词关系代词+ +动词复数形式。动词复数形式。 Titantic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in hollywood. 2.2. the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式 Titantic is the onl
25、y one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in hollywood. 3. 当关系代词 as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若 as 与 which 作主 语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all. （9 9）注意注意 wayway 和和 timetime 后接定语从句的情况后接定语从句的情况 1. 1. 当先行词是当先行词是 wayway（方式，方法）定语从句中缺宾语时，引导定语从句的
26、关系词有三种形（方式，方法）定语从句中缺宾语时，引导定语从句的关系词有三种形 式：式： that The way which he explained to us was quite simple.(从句缺宾语从句缺宾语) 不填 that The way in which he explain the sentence to us was difficult to understand.（从句缺状语）（从句缺状语） 不填 2. 先行词时先行词时 time 时，若时，若 time 作“次数”讲，应用关系词作“次数”讲，应用关系词 that 引导定语从句，引导定语从句，that 可省可省 略；若略
27、；若 time 作“一段时间”讲，应用关系副词作“一段时间”讲，应用关系副词 when 或介词或介词 during+which 引导定语从句。引导定语从句。 This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country. There was a time when/during which there were no radios, telephones or Tvsets. 练习练习 .单句语法填空单句语法填空 1(2018 全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made
28、 a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes. 2(2018 全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government started a soil- testing program_ gives specific fertilizer rec
29、ommendations to farmers and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 3(2018 浙江高考)Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 4(2017 全国卷)But Sarah, _ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove
30、 that she has brains as well as beauty. 5(2015 全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 6(2018 江苏高考改编) are on the same starting line. 7(2017 6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and
31、 her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, _ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. 8(2016 全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid- 1980s, _ I was the
32、 first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 9(2017 江苏高考改编)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 10(2016 6 月浙江高考改编)Scientists have advanced many theories about why hu
33、man beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved. 11(2015 安徽高考改编)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _school education depends. 12(2015 重庆高考)He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s. 13(2018 全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.
34、_ 1.解析：that/which 分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语， 修饰先行词 study，故填 that/which。 2. 解 析 ： that/which 空 处 引 导 定 语 从 句 ， 并 在 从 句 中 作 主 语 ， 修 饰 “a soiltesting program”，先行词表示物，故用 that 或者 which。 3.解析：who/that 先行词是 Many westerners，指人，故用 who/that 引导定语从句， 并在从句中作主语。 4.解析：that/which 根据语境和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词指物， 关系词在从
35、句中作主语，因此答案为 that/which。 5.解析：who 分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是 Sarah，且 空格处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词 who。 6. 解析：where 句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线上的领 域。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词 area，并在从句中作地点状语，应 用 where引导。 7. 解析：where 分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”， 在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词 where 引导。 8. 解析：when 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词
36、是表示时间的“the mid- 1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词 when。 9. 解析：whose 句意：1963 年，联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，它的其中一个目的 就是减少世界范围内的饥饿问题。关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语，修饰 purposes， whose purposesthe World Food Programmes purposes。 10. 解析：which 句意：就人类为什么哭出眼泪科学家提出来许多理论，但没有一项 理论得到证明。先行词为 theories，故用 which 引导非限制性定语从句。 11. 解析：which 句意：一些专家认为阅读
37、是学校教育依赖的基本技能。depend upon depend on“依靠，依赖”。结合句意及句子结构可知，upon 及其后的句子成分在句中作 the fundamental skill的定语，是定语从句。从句中缺少一个宾语，故用关系代词 which。 12. 解析：which 句意：他写了很多儿童书籍，差不多一半发表于 20 世纪 90 年代。 先行词为 childrens books，在从句中作介词 of 的宾语，故要用 which。 13. 解析：which 前加 in 或 whichwhere 分析句子结构可知，they raised fish 是定语 从句，其先行词是 pond，在定
38、语从句中应该作介词 in 的宾语，或者用关系副词 where 作状 语。 .单句改错 1On the other hand, I can see the singers stories, who are so inspiring. 2Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station where you can hire to reach your host family. 3She thanked me several times sincerely, that made me feel extremely proud. 4Secondly, manage
39、 our time wisely by setting up a study schedule, that can help us improve our learning efficiency. 5Looking at the spot what he thought the “fly” was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strength. 6Last week, I along with my classmates was asked to attend a lecture, the theme of wh
40、at was environmental protection. 7On Tuesday morning, the students from both countries are to visit the Forbidden City, about that Mr Zhang will tell some interesting stories. 8When I was 12, I met Mary. She came to China with her parents, whom taught English in a university. 9In the square which ma
41、ny senior citizens were dancing, I found several elders buried in feeding birds. 10The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of them left their village homes for a better life in the city. 11(2017 全国卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is
42、on the rooftop of their house._ 12(2017 全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments._ 13(2016 四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite._ 1. whowhich 2. wherewhich 3. thatwhich 4. thatwhich 5. whatwhere 6.
43、 what- - which 7. thatwhich_ 8. whomwho 9. whichwhere 10. them- - whom 11. 解析：thatwhich 此句是非限制性定语从句，应用 which而不能用 that引导。 12. 解析：theythat/which 分析句子结构可知，things 作其后定语从句的先行词，并 在从句中作主语，故关系代词用 that或 which。 13. 解析：whatthat/which 或去掉 what 分析句子结构可知，dishes 后跟的是定语从 句，what 不能引导定语从句，应用 that/which 引导。又因引导词在定语从句中作 cooked 的宾语，可以省略，故也可以直接把 what去掉。
