1、1 Unit1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” 约翰斯诺约翰斯诺战胜战胜“霍乱王“霍乱王” Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death.In the early19th century, when an outb
2、reak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his de
3、sire to destroy cholera once and for all. 霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英国医生约翰 斯诺展示了如何 克服它。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水，甚至死亡。19 世纪初，霍乱在欧 洲爆发，数百万人死于这种疾病。作为一名年轻的医生，约翰 斯诺非常的沮丧， 因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。随着时间的推移，他成为了一名著名的医 生，甚至在维多利亚女王生孩子时照顾过她。然而，他从未失去彻底消灭霍乱的 愿望。 In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explai
4、n how Cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow be
5、gan to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. 一般来说，当时的医生们有两种相互矛盾的理论来解释霍乱是如何传播的。 2 有一种理论认为是恶劣的空气导致了这种疾病。 另一种理论是霍乱是由食物或水 中的细菌感染引起的。 斯诺赞同第二种理论。 理论是正确的， 但他仍然需要证据。 因此，当 185
6、4 年伦敦爆发霍乱时，斯诺开始进行调查。他发现在两条特定的街 道霍乱爆发非常严重，10 天内就有 500 多人死亡。他决心找出原因。 Snow began by marking on a map the exact place where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37,38, and 40). However, some household s (such as20 and
7、21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more,in another part of London, a woman and he
8、r daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Sno w was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, h
9、e had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks. 起初，斯诺在地图上标出了所有死去的人曾经居住过的确切地点。 布罗德街 (Broad Street)的水泵附近有多人死亡(尤其是 16、37、38 和 40 号房子)。但是， 一些家庭(如布罗德街 20 号和 21 号，剑桥街 8 号和 9 号)没有死亡。这些人在剑 桥街 7 号的酒吧工作。 他们得到了免费的啤酒， 所以没有喝从水泵里
10、抽出来的水。 斯诺怀疑水泵是罪魁祸首。更重要的是，在伦敦的另一个地方，一个女人和她的 女儿在离开布罗德街后死于霍乱。这个女人似乎非常喜欢水泵里的水，所以她每 天都让人把水送到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰 斯诺就能宣布水泵里的水携带 霍乱病菌。因此，他把泵的把手拿下来，使它不能使用。通过这一干预措施，疾 病被遏制住了。 The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between othe
11、r cases of cholera and 3 the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. 事实是，从布罗德街水泵流出的水受到了废物的污染。此外，斯诺后来还指 出了其他霍乱病例
12、与伦敦不同供水公司之间的联系。 一些公司出售被未经处理的 废水污染的泰晤士河水。喝这种水的人比喝纯净水或开水的人更容易得霍乱。 Through Snows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get ch
13、olera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientist study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology 通过斯诺的不懈努力，供水公司开始销售洁净水，世界
14、各地霍乱的威胁大幅 减少。然而，霍乱仍然是个问题。每年，世界上有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人因 此而死亡。幸运的是，多亏了约翰 斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。 此外， 通过对地图和统计数据的运用， 斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式， 因此， 他被认为是现代流行病学之父。 Unit2 “WELCOME ,XIE LEI” “欢迎，谢蕾”“欢迎，谢蕾” Six months ago, 19-year-old Xie Lei said goodbye to her family and friends and boarded a plane for London. It was the firs
15、t time that she had left China.“I was very excited but also quite nervous. I didnt know what to expect, Xie Lei recalled. 半年前，19 岁的谢蕾告别了家人和朋友，登上飞机前往伦敦，这是她第一 4 次离开中国。“我既兴奋又紧张。我不知道会发生什么。”谢蕾回忆道。 Xie Lei is studying for a business qualification at a university in China and has come to our university on
16、a year-long exchange programme. I chose the exchange programme because I wanted to learn about global business and improve my English. My ambition is to set up a business in China after graduation, she explained. 谢蕾正在中国的一所大学学习商业资格，她来我校参加为期一年的交换项 目。“我选择这个交换项目是因为我想学习全球商业知识，提高我的英语水平。 我的志向是毕业后在中国创业。”她解释
17、道。 At first, Xie Lei had to adapt to life in a different country. You have to get used to a whole new1ife,” she said.“I had to learn how to use public transport and how to ask for things I didnt know the English names for.When I got lost, I had to ask passers- by for help, but people here speak fast
18、 and use words lm not familiar with. I ask them to repeat themselves a lot! 一开始，谢蕾必须适应一个不同的国家的生活，她说:“你必须适应一种全新 的生活。”“我必须学会如何使用公共交通，以及如何询问那些我不知道英文名称 的东西。 当我迷路的时候， 我不得不向过路人寻求帮助， 但是这里的人说话很快， 而且用我不熟悉的词。我让他们重复好几遍!” Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation， Xie Lei chose to live with a
19、host family. who can help with her adaptation to the new culture.When I miss home,I feel comforted to have a second family, XieLei said. When theres something I dont know or understand, I can ask them, They are also keen to learn about China. Laura, the daughter of my host family, wants to study in
20、China in the future. We take turns to cook each evening.They really love my stir-fried tomatoes and eggs! Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so I taught her how to cook it, too. 5 虽然有些外国学生住在学校宿舍，但谢蕾选择了寄宿家庭。这可以帮助她适 应新的文化。谢蕾说:“当我想家的时候，有第二个家庭让我感到很欣慰。”“当我 有不知道或不明白的事情时，我可以问他们，他们也渴望了解中
21、国。劳拉是我寄 宿家庭的女儿，她将来想去中国学习。我们每天晚上轮流做饭。他们真的很喜欢 我的西红柿炒鸡蛋!劳拉说， 她一闻到这道菜就会觉得饿， 所以我也教她怎么做。 ” Another challenge for Xie Lei is the academic requirements. The first time that she had to write an essay, her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas. but that
22、he mainly wanted to know what she thought! Xie Lei was confused because she thought she knew less than other people. Her tutor advised her to read lots of information in order to form a wise opinion of her own. 谢蕾面临的另一个挑战是学业要求。第一次写论文时，她的导师解释说，如 果她引用别人的观点， 就一定要注明， 不过导师主要是想知道她自己是怎么想的。 谢磊很困惑，因为她认为自己比别人
23、知道的少。她的导师建议她多读一些信息， 以便形成自己的明智观点。 Xie Lei also found many courses included students participation in class as part of the final result. Students need to generate ideas, offer examples, apply concepts, and raise questions, As well as give presentations. At first.Xie Lei had no idea what she should say
24、 but what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks.My presentation on traditional Chinese art was a great success,which boosted my confidence. she said . Ill use these skills back home for presentations. Theyll help me build a strong business in the future
25、. 谢蕾还发现，很多课程的最终成绩都包含了学生的课堂参与。学生需要产生 想法，提供例子，应用概念和提出问题，“以及做演示。首先。谢磊不知道自己 该说些什么， 但令她吃惊的是， 仅仅几周后， 她就发现自己可以在课堂上发言了。 6 她说:“我关于中国传统艺术的演讲非常成功，这增强了我的信心。”我会在回家 做演讲时用到这些技巧。他们将帮助我在未来建立一个强大的企业。 Now halfway through her exchange year,Xie Lei feels much more at home in the UK.What seemed strange before now appears
26、 quite normal to her.Engaging in British culture has helpe d, she said.“As well as studying hard, Ive been involved in social activities.British people are fascinated by our culture and eager to learn more about it,so Im keen to share my culture with th em.While Im learning about business,Im also ac
27、ting as a cultural messenger building a bridge between us. 现在一年的交流时间已过半，谢蕾感到她在英国的学习和生活自如多了。以 前觉得奇怪的事情现在对她来说已经很正常了。除了努力学习，我还参加社会活 动。英国人对我们的文化很着迷，也很想了解更多，所以我很想和他们分享我的 文化。 我攻读商科的同时也是一个文化使者， 在中外文化之间架起了一座桥梁。 ” We will follow Xie Leis progress in later editions,but for now, we wish her all the best. 我们将在以后的版本中关注谢蕾的进展，但现在，我们祝她一切顺利。
