1、第三讲 细节理解题 （转换理解类） Step1: 真题导入真题导入 （2018年高考全国新课标卷I） We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our
2、wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throug
3、hout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived
4、on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. The living- room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly on
5、e day, you have a TV in every room of the house, said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box
6、 TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So whats the solution（解决方案）? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if
7、consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 33. Why did Babbitts
8、team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 34. Which of the following uses the least energy?(转换理解题) A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD
9、 TV. D. The desktop computer. Step2:考纲解读考纲解读 对信息进行同义转换，检测考生的句义复述能力，具体如下： 排序题：采用“首尾定位法”根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之 间的逻辑关系迅速缩小选择范围， 从而快速选出正确答案。 图表转换题：采用“文字锁定法”，按“文”索“图”，迅速锁 定相关图形；采用“首读题干法”、“文表分析法”， 通常需要 对表格的项目进行比较，找准正确的计算关系。 数字转换题：采用的方法有“列表法”、“推算法”等，解题关 键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算 关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解。 同义（反义）转换题：考
10、查学生的同义或反义词的能力。 Step 3: 考点导学考点导学 【典例一】排序题排序题： 首尾定位巧排序 (2014四川，C片段) A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(过敏) reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping(踩) on his chest after he fell down at home
11、 and stopped breathing. Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but lzzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR. However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead. Debbie then took over with some
12、 more conventional chest compressions(按压) until the ambulance arrived. Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a
13、 nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest. Shes a little star, said Debbie. I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just cant believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm ha
14、d to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert. Truck driver Colm,35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, p
15、reventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering. Whats the right order of the events? Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped. A. B. C. D. C 【解析】 结合第六段第一句 My m
16、um taught me CPR，倒数第二段 最后一句 his heart stopped for a moment，第二段 Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping(踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing 和第二段 Debbie, immediately called 999，可知顺序为3、4、2、1。 故正确答 案为C。 【点拨】 此类题目要求考生根据动作发生的时间顺序及句子之间的 逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。可采用首尾定 位
17、，即，先找出第一件事情和最后一件事情，迅速缩小范围， 快速选出正确答案。 【典例二】图文转换题 在有图表图画的阅读理解中， 有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选 项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也 暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时 候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有 些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找 正确答案的方法。 71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, _. A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose
18、 35 points B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase 【解析】D。请看原文中的柱形图： 由柱形图可以清楚地看出，拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数 量急剧增加，其他三项表述都与图表不符，故
19、D项正确。 D 【典例三】数字转换题 (2018 全国卷阅读C)At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe
20、 has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than
21、that. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? AAbout 6,800. BAbout 3,400. CAbout 2,400. DAbout 1,200. B 根据信息句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前全球不同语言使 用人数的中位数仅是6,000，这
22、就意味着世界上有一半的语言的 使用人数不到6,000；结合“At present，the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知正确选项为 B。 【典例四】同义（反义）转换题 (2020 全国卷阅读D )Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they
23、 could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders，” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.” Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau? AThey could walk on stilts all day. BThey had a superb way of fishing. CThey could stay long underwater. DThey lived
24、on both land and water. C 用astonished寻读，利用同义词复现在文中找到信息源 “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders”；astonished与amazed为同义词. 根据信息句“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders”可知正确选项 为C。 Step 4: 归纳总结 转换理解类题目主要特点及典型失误
25、对应性：正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应。 准确性：准确性是细节理解题的核心，在转换 过程中要注意到细节信息中的范围、程度、语义 色彩等词汇的变化。 区分性：要正确处理找到细节对应点后，仔细 分析，结合句子的语境来辨析各选项与文中细节 的异同。 Step 5: 巩固提高 （1） Is it possible that the sinking of the Titanic was caused by a ghost？A lot of the story below is truebut did it really happen quite like this？ Our story begins n
26、ot in the icy cold waters of the North Atlantic，but rather thousands of miles away in EgyptIt is here，perhaps，that we can find the start of the mystery of the Titanic，in the year 1910，in the great city of Cairo One day，a famous professor of Egyptian history called Douglas Murray was staying in Cairo
27、，when he was contacted by an American adventurer The American had something unusual to offer Murray，something that was certain to thrill him：a beautiful ancient Egyptian mummy case，containing the mummy of an Egyptian queenIt was over 3000years old，but in beautiful condition-gold，with bright painting
28、s on itMurray was delighted with both the object and the asking-priceHe gave the man a cheque immediately The cheque was never cashedThat evening the American adventurer diedFor his part，Murray arranged to have the treasure sent back to BritainHowever，it was not long before he learnt more about the
29、beautiful mummy case：On the walls of the tomb in which it had been discovered，there were messages which warned of terrible consequences to anyone who broke into the tombMurray was disbelieving of these warnings until a few days later，when a gun he was holding exploded in his hand，shattering his armT
30、he arm had to be cut off After the accident，Murray decided to return to his homelandOn the return journey，two of his companions died mysteriously，and two servants who had handled the mummy also passed awayThe now-terrified Murray decided he would get rid of the cursed case as soon as he arrived in L
31、ondonA lady he knew named Janet Jones said she would like it，so he gave it to herShortly afterwards，Jonesmother died，and she herself caught a strange diseaseShe tried returning the mummy，but naturally Murray refused itIn the end，it was presented to the British Museum Even in the museum，the mummy app
32、arently continued to cause strange eventsA museum photographer died shortly after taking pictures of the new exhibit； and a manager also died for no apparent reasonIn the end，the British Museum decided to get rid of the mummy tooThey sold it to a collector in New York At the start of April 1912，arra
33、ngements for the transfer were complete， and the mummy began the journey to its new homeBut the New Yorker never received the mummy or its caseFor when the Titanic sank，one of the objects in its strong room was the mummy caseOr so they say 1In what order did the following events occur？ aThe case was
34、 given to the British Museum bJanet Jones caught a mysterious illness cMurrays arm was cut off dThe mummy case was sold to an American eA man who took a picture of the case died fWarnings were written on the tombs walls Af，c，b，a，e，d Bc，f，b，a，e，d Cd，f，b，c，a，e Df，a，c，b，e，d 2According to the passage，wh
35、ere is the Egyptian mummy now？ AAt the British Museum BIn New York CIn Egypt DUnder the sea A D 【解析】 1通读全文可知，事件发生的颃序为f坟墓 的墙上写有警示语，这是在坟墓建成时已有的 cMurray直到手臂被切除才相信诅咒而把它卖给了 Janet Jonesb其后她得了一种怪病a木乃伊从Janet Jones手里辗转到了英国博物馆e-个给这个箱子拍照 的博物馆摄影师死了d博物馆又将它卖给了美国 人所以A选项是正确的 2根据最后一段第三句 For when the Titanic sank，one
36、 of the objects in its strong room was the mummy case可知，当泰坦尼克号沉船时， 装有木乃伊的箱子在船上由此可推知，该木乃伊已随 泰坦尼克号沉人海底所以D选项是正确的 （2）（2018年高考全国新课标卷I） We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装
37、 置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute o
38、f Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation Desktop comput
39、ers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. The living
40、-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house, said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use
41、 them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So whats the solution（解决方案）? The teams dat
42、a only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs a
43、nd desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 3. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 4. Which of the followi
44、ng uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer. D B 【解析】 3.根据第二段第一句中的“To figure out how much power these devices are using.”以及后面的介绍可知， Babbitt 的团队进行这项研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备 的耗电情况。故答案为D 4. 由于设备越新越省电，在根据选项中这些设备出 现的时间： box-set TVs 和The desktop computer 为1992 年
45、； The LCD TV 为2002年；The tablet 为2007年。可 知The tablet 为最新的设备，也意味着最省电。 (3) A few years ago, Paul Gerner began to gather a group of architects in Las vegas to ask them what it would take to design a public school that used 50 percent less energy, cost much less to build and obviously improved student le
46、arning. I think half of them fell off their chairs, Gerner says. Gerner manages school facilities(设施) for Clark county, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to ho
47、use them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(样品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings. Green schools are ap
48、pearing all over, but in Clark County, which stands out for its vastness, such aggressive targets are difficult because design requirements like more natural light for students go against the realities of a desert climate. One of the biggest challenges is getting the right site orientation(朝向), Mark
49、 McGinty, a director at SH Architecture, says. His firm recently completed a high school in Las Vegas. You have the same building, same set of windows, but if its orientation is incorrect and it faces the sun, it will be really expensive to cool. Surprisingly, the man responsible for one of the most
50、 progressive green-design competitions has doubts about ideas of eco-friendly buildings. I dont believe in the new green religion, Gerner says. Some of the building technologies that you get are impractical. Im interested in those that work. But he wouldnt mind if some green features inspire student
