1、Exercises:v村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。也来了。vThere came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village, and also came the villagers who had been deceived.v去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。努力地干了十个月。vHe worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to
2、 complete a project last year.v这一年的清明，分外寒冷；杨柳才吐出半粒米大的新芽。天明未久，华大妈已在右边的一座新坟前面，排出四碟菜，一碗饭，哭了一场。vThe QingMing Festival that year was unusually cold. Willows were only beginning to put forth shoots no larger than grains. Shortly after daybreak, Old Shuans wife brought four dishes and a bowl of rice to set
3、 before a new grave in the right section, and wailed before it.vThe weather that Aprilthe month on which the Grave-Sweeping Festival fellwas unusually cold, with buds no more than half the size of rice grains daring to peep out on to the willow branches. Not long after daybreak, a weeping HuaDama se
4、t four dishes of food and a bowl of rice in front of a new grave. v阁下如认为该公司信守合同，可以胜任我公司之代理商，则请告知，我们当不胜感激。v到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。v知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。（孙子一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。（孙子谋攻谋攻）第四节、汉语长句的翻译v一、英汉语句的结构差异（形合与意合之别）一、英汉语句的结构差异（形合与意合之别）v二、翻译方法 v1） 确定关系，分清主次v2
5、 ）形合手段，珠联璧合v三、注意事项v1）突出主题，避免主次不清。v2）均衡分布，避免头重脚轻。v3）调整语序，避免关系不明。v四、显性复句（句内关系的再现）一、英汉语句的结构差异一、英汉语句的结构差异（形合与意合之别）（形合与意合之别）v知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。（孙子知己，每战必殆。（孙子谋攻谋攻）v(若）知己（而又）知彼，（则）百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（而又）不知彼，（则）每战（将）必殆。v You can fight a hundred battl
6、es without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.vParataxis: the arranging of clauses one after
7、 another without connectives showing the relation between them.(clauses, sentences or paragraphs are organized into texts mainly through meaning, not form)Further reference: Eugene A.Nida, Translating Meaning叙事原则（时间先后、事件发展）论理原则（因前果后、前提在前，结论在后）v语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表
8、达，词语或语句间的连通过虚词、词序等手段来表达，词语或语句间的连接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现，接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现，做到意思的连贯，这种特点语言学上叫做意合（汉语归类为分析性的语言Analytic language的原因之一）v以意驭形、简约松散, 意义贯通，形散而神不散。 v英语主要是Synthetic Language 综合型，主要通主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。英语是重形合的语言，注重形式完备、以形显义。结构清晰，主谓中心，叠床架屋，树型空间图式。 结构完整、形式严谨、层次分明、语法明确。Hypotaxis: the
9、 dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. ( the words or sentences in a text are connected with each other mainly through structural means, both lexical and morphological) While all our plans were still in the blue-print stage, our competitors got the jump o
10、n us.v我们还在运筹之中，对手就抢先了一步。我们还在运筹之中，对手就抢先了一步。vIt was an old woman（1）, tall and shapely still（2）, though withered by time（3）, on whom his eyes fell（4）when he stopped and turned（5）.v他站住，转过身来（5），定睛一看（4），是个年迈妇女（1），个子很高，依然一副好身材（2），虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴（3）。vIt would take me an entire book to list（1）all of the people
11、I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people（2）, but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends（3）- usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved（4）. v我毕生认识了许多人，他们一生中大部分时间都是单身（2），但在朋友群中却无可非议地是个核心人物（3）。他们经常帮人解决问题，广受尊敬，广受爱戴（4）。要把这些人
12、的姓名一一列出的话，恐怕要写一本书（1）。vHe had flown in just the day before from Georgia,（1）where he had spent his vacation（2）basking in the sun（3）after the completion of the construction job（4）he had been engaged in in the South（5）.v他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程（5），任务完成之后（4），他就上佐治亚去度假（2），享受着阳光（3），前天才坐飞机回来（1）。v二、翻译方法 v1）确定关系，分清主次v阁
13、下如认为该公司信守合同，可以胜任我公司之代理商，则请告知，我们当不胜感激。vIt would be much appreciated if you would inform us whether the company can be relied on to abide by agreement hence qualified to be an agent on our behalf. v2 ）形合手段v（非谓语动词、从句、介词短语、adj）v非谓语动词v普遍的看法是，简化手续，提高工资，比给企业经济方面的优惠更重要。vIt is a general opinion that to simpl
14、ify formalities and to enhance efficiency are more important than to give preferential economical treatment to enterprises。v运用英语形容词及形容词短语v人真是可笑的动物，一点极微末的小事情，便会受着很深的影响。vMen are really laughable creatures, so easily upset by trifles. v他们大多是一些基层技术人员：他们有才有智，奉公守法，深信自己的所作所为是为国为民。vMost of them are grass-ro
15、ot technical personnel. Capable, intelligent, dedicated and law-abiding, they believe that all that they do is for their people and their country.v介词短语v研究生学制为三年，有六个系有权授予硕研究生学制为三年，有六个系有权授予硕士学位，英语系还可授予博士学位。士学位，英语系还可授予博士学位。vThe post-graduate course is three years, with six departments authorized to con
16、fer Master of Arts and the English Department to confer the doctorate. v赏析：珠联璧合之妙v1/ 到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。（朱自清：背影）vI spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence
17、taking a train for Beijing on the afternoon of the same day. 1/ 到南京时，有朋友约去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。（朱自清：背影）vI spent the first day in Nanjing strolling about with some friends at their invitation, and was ferrying across the Yangtse River to Pukou the next morning and thence taking a train for Be
18、ijing on the afternoon of the same day. （42words, 张译 ） vA friend kept me in Nanjing for a day to see sights, and the next morning I was to cross the Yangtze to Pukou to take the afternoon train to the north.v（32words，杨译)2/ 我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。 vWe entered the railway station after crossing the Ri
19、ver. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. (张)vWe crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage. (杨)v三、注意事项v1）突出主题, 避免主次不清v上海是个充满活力的大都市，上海市民的居住正发生着深刻的变化。vShanghai, a metropolis full of vigor and vitality, wit
20、nesses dramatic changes in the housing conditions of its people. v2）均衡分布，避免头重脚轻。v求稳定、谋发展、促合作，是当今各国人民的共同愿望。vIt is the common aspiration of all the people in the world to maintain stability, seek development and promote cooperation.v结束台湾同祖国大陆分离的局面，实现祖国的完全统一，是中国共产党义不容辞的使命。vIt is the bounden duty of the
21、 Chinese Communists to end separation between Taiwan and Chinas mainland and achieve the complete reunification of China.3）调整语序，添加关联词v我读到此处，在晶莹的泪我读到此处，在晶莹的泪光中，又看见那肥胖的，光中，又看见那肥胖的，青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背青布棉袍，黑布马褂的背影。唉！我不知何时再能影。唉！我不知何时再能与他相见！与他相见！ vWhen I read this, through a mist of tears I saw his blue cotton-pa
22、dded gown and black jacket once more as his burly figure walked away from me. Shall we ever meet again? (杨)vThrough the glistening tears which these words had brought to my eyes I again saw the back of fathers corpulent form in the dark blue cotton-padded cloth long gown and the black cloth mandarin
23、 jacket. Oh, how I long to see him again! (张1）天无二日，世无二主。 2）不是他没有讲清楚，就是我没有听明白。1）Heaven can not support two suns, nor earth two masters.2）Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well.四、显性复句（句内关系的再现）1、并列关系v不仅而且还并且1）他既是个科学家，也是个小提琴家。2）在太阳系，不但行星，而且太阳本身也在不断地运动。vnot onlybut also; as well asas w
24、ell1）He is a scientist and a violinist as well.2）In the solar system the planets as well as the sun itself are in constant motion.2、递进关系3、选择关系1）外商投资企业经企业申请，税务部门批准，可减轻或免征工商统一税。2）他们宁愿待在家里而不愿意去观光。1）A foreign investment enterprise may apply to tax authorities and may enjoy, if the application is approve
25、d, reduction or exemption of the consolidation industrial and commercial tax.2）They would rather stay at home than go sightseeing.4、目的关系1）为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断地进行着斗争。 2）要做好防汛工作，以免临时措手不及。 1） In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant
26、 struggle with nature.2）We must do a good job of flood prevention so as not to be caught unprepared. 5、假设关系1）倘若客人不来怎么办？2）假若哥伦布没有发现美洲大陆，别人也会发现的。1）What shall we do if the guests fail to turn up?2）Even if Columbus had not discovered the continent of America, somebody else might have discovered it.6、转折让
27、步关系1）虽说他英语不怎么好，但也还能叫人听懂。2）实验失败了，不过他并不灰心。1）Though he does not speak English well, he still can make himself understand.2）The experiment failed, but he didnt lose heart.7、条件关系1）不管困难有多大，都要完成任务。2）无论如何，这个问题要马上考虑。1）Whatever the difficulties are, well have to fulfill the task. 2）At any rate, the problem ca
28、lls for immediate attention.8、因果关系1）昨天没有来看你，是因为我有急事要办。2）因为天气不好，飞机不能按时起飞。1）I didnt come to see you yesterday because I had some urgent matters to attend to.2）The departure of the flight has been delayed due to bad weather.口译词语v普通商品房v-中低价位、中小套型的住房v v自住型住房 非投资性住房 v投机性购房 v经济适用房（住房的价格比同期商品房要低Affordable h
29、ousing）v二手房v廉租房v公租房（公共机构出租）v 保障性住房 v两限房（限制房价、限制面积的住房）vordinary small and medium-sized commodity housing vhomes for non-investment purposevspeculative housing purchasevlow-cost housingvUsed homesvLow-rent housingvpublic rental housingvlow-income housingvhousing with limited size and pricev进一步扩大保障性住房建
30、设规模。重点发展公共租赁住房。v抓紧建立保障性住房使用、运营、退出等管理制度，提高透明度，加强社会监督，保证符合条件的家庭受益。 vwe will build more low-income housing. We will give priority to developing public rental housing. vWe will promptly establish an administrative system for the use, operation and return of low-income housing，increase transparency，and s
31、trengthen public oversight to ensure that eligible families benefit from low-income housing.Exercises:v北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。v散文选集是当代著名的散文作家杨朔的作品，其中收集了作家游历各地所见的人文风物，笔调清新，故事感人。v生平不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。v贫居闹市无人问，富住深山有远亲。v若要不贪杯，醒眼
32、看醉鬼。v北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉于晴北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异朗的天空中，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是一种惊异和悲哀。和悲哀。vOften I feel deeply depressed to see the Peking winter scene when the thick snow banks up on the ground and the bare ashen tree branches thrust up against a cold blue sky, while in the dista
33、nce one or two kites are floating casually. vWhen, in late winter in Beijing, there was still snow on the ground and, up in the air, an entanglement of dark grey bare branches against a sunny sky, a couple of kites were already fluttering up and down in the distance-a sight that filled me with amaze
34、ment and folornness.v丫叉v交叉。 宋 陆游 冬晴与子坦子聿游湖上诗之五：“双手丫叉出迎客，自称六十六年僧。”秦并六国平话卷中：“杀得宫娥如算子，丫叉尸首不堪闻。” 鲁迅 野草风筝：“ 北京 的冬季，地上还有积雪，灰黑色的秃树枝丫叉于晴朗的天空中。” v(1).状如丫形。西游记第八回：“妖魔眼光闪烁，好似灶底双灯；口角丫叉，就如屠家火鉢。”v(2).树椏，枝丫。东周列国志第六四回：“俗语云：怪树怪丫叉。”v(3).特指树枝分叉的地方。何典第八回：“忽抬头见大树大丫叉里，一隻老乌在上面褪毛。”v(4).指丫杖。二十年目睹之怪现状第二五回：“丫叉扶上碧楼阑，押住炉烟玳瑁班。”
35、v散文选集是当代著名的散文作家杨朔的作品，其中收集了作家游历各地所见的人文风物，笔调清新，故事感人。vWritten by Yang Shuo, a well-known contemporary Chinese essayist, A Selection of Prose Pieces contains pleasant descriptions and enticing stories about people and places that the author came across on his travels.v生平不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。vYou need not fear
36、a knock at the door, if all through your life you have had a clear conscience. v贫居闹市无人问，富住深山有远亲。vIf you are poor, though you dwell in the busy market place, no one will inquire about you; if you are rich, though you dwell in the heart of the mountains, distant relatives will come over to see you.v若要
37、不贪杯，醒眼看醉鬼。vIf you really mean to quit drinking, look at a drunkard when you are sober.v她们她们正正打架，不巧被我撞见了。打架，不巧被我撞见了。vI happened to be present when they were having a fight.v好不容易才说服她照我的想法办。好不容易才说服她照我的想法办。vWith some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.v只见那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。只见那个理发师俯下
38、身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。vLeaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.v酒不醉人人自醉。酒不醉人人自醉。vIt is not that the wine intoxicates the drinker but that the drinker gets himself drunk.vIt is not the wine that intoxicates the drinker but the drinker who gets himself drun
39、kv对人太苛求，没有什么道理，自己也容易失望。对人太苛求，没有什么道理，自己也容易失望。vYou have little cause to make excessive demands from others and make yourself disappointed in return.v由现在到一九五六年十月秋收以前，还有十四个月，完成这样一个建社计划，应当是可能的。毛泽东选集第五卷172页vThere are still fourteen months to go between now and the autumn harvest of October 1956, and it sh
40、ould be possible to accomplish this plan for establishing co-operatives.v“欲知后事如何，且听下回分解”，这句话也可以用于做生意；做生意不能急于求成。有时候，成事在“且听”。v“To know what happened next, you must read the following chapter”a formula at the end of each of the chapters of a traditional Chinese novel, is also true of doing business, in which you cant do things in haste. Very often, to wait is to win.v后来她终于睡着了，开始时是时睡时醒，似睡似醒，做的梦也十分怪诞不稽；后来才深深地酣睡了，直到黎明才睁开双眼。v Eventually she had slept, fitfully and transiently at first with nightmares, but in the end deeply until dawn.
