1、 Grammar and usageNon-retrictive attributive clauses 1. I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。 2. I have a sister, who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思。会改变全句的意思。（不止一位姐姐）（不止一位姐姐）（只有一位姐姐）（只有一位姐姐）限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 限制性
2、定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。 This is the boy who broke the window.This is the boy who broke the window. 这就是打破窗子的孩子。这就是打破窗子的孩子。（the boy是先行词，是先行词，who broke the indow是限制性定是限制性定语从句，明确指出语从句，明确指出the bo
3、y是打破窗子的那个孩子是打破窗子的那个孩子）The people whom you met in the hall are from The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.Japan. 你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。（定语从句定语从句whom you met in the hall限定先行词限定先行词the people） 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然
4、行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。 I, who am your friend, will share the work with you. 我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。（I是先行词，是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，是非限制性定语从句，对先行词对先行词I起附加说明的作用起附加说明的作用） New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us
5、all. 新概念英语是专为外国学生编新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。写的，这是我们大家都知道的。（which is known to us all是非限制性定语从句，对主句是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明作进一步的补充说明）限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。In the str
6、eet I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many importan
7、t meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。 1.The books 1.The books in which in which there are some there are some pictures are intended for children.pictures are intended for children. 2.The books, 2.The books, in which in which there are there are some pictures, are intended f
8、or some pictures, are intended for children.children. 有插图的书是为孩子们准备的。有插图的书是为孩子们准备的。 这些书是为孩子们准备的，书里有插图。这些书是为孩子们准备的，书里有插图。Whats the difference? 1. The tall boy who is talking to 1. The tall boy who is talking to the teacher is our monitor.the teacher is our monitor. 2.The tall boy ,who is talking to 2.
9、The tall boy ,who is talking to the teacher, is our monitor.the teacher, is our monitor. 正在和老师说话的那个高个子男孩是我正在和老师说话的那个高个子男孩是我们的班长。们的班长。 那个高个子男孩是我们的班长，他正在那个高个子男孩是我们的班长，他正在和老师说话。和老师说话。 He was very rude to the custom （海关）（海关）officers, who wanted to look through his suitcase. He was very rude to the custo
10、m officers, which made things even worse.More examples: The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadnt expected. Jack was late again, which made his teacher very disappointed. He missed the show, which was a great pity.Differences:限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去
11、意义或意思表达不完整。关系代词只能指先行词。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who 代替whom非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。关系词可以用来指代整个句子。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that C不可用who 代替whomTip 1: Here, we know we can use “which” to refer to the whole main clause, and we cant use “that”
12、.Other examples: He has three sons, two of whom are doctors. Many people, some of whom are slim, are going on diets. China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.Tip 2: We can use most / all / some / both / part + of + whom / which to express a complete or partial quantity. as 和whic
13、h 引导定语从句和非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1. as 和和which都可以在定语从句中做主语都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、
14、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。3.当主句
15、和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如： Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。 These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。4.当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。
16、He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿
17、着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。1. My mother, _ you met last year, keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.whom 2.Its the same in China-many people, some of _ are not overweight at all, are always going on diets or taking weight-loss pills, _ are often dangerous.whom which Applying the rules3.He
18、len was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him. 4.Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. 5.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ _ are sold abroad. 6.I have many friends, some ar
19、e businessmen. 7.If a shop has chairs women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. whichwhichof whomwhereof which8. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from effects the people are still suffering. 9. I walked in our garden, Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. 10. He was educated at a local grammar school, he went on to Cambridge. 11. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20years ago, it was so poorly equipped. whosewhereafter whichwhen
