1、1. Due to the near absence of gravity in space, we have to attach ourselves so that we dont float around.absence n. the fact of not existing; a lack of U.不不存在；缺存在；缺乏乏 failure to be present U./C. 缺席缺席absence from work/school 缺勤缺勤/缺课缺课absence of mind 心不在焉心不在焉in ones absencein the absence of 在某人不在时在某人不
2、在时in the absence of 因缺乏因缺乏e.g. Many letters arrived in my absence. In the absence of enough evidence, they had to let her go.【拓展拓展】 absent adj. 缺席的缺席的, 不在的不在的, 缺乏的缺乏的present adj. (反反义义词词)出出席席的的be absent from 缺缺席席be present at 出席出席【语境应用语境应用】完成句完成句子。子。1) Her brother took away her new book _ (在她不在时在她不在
3、时).2) Joe was punished because he had so many _ (缺课缺课).3) _ (由由于缺乏信息于缺乏信息), we were unable to solve the problem.4) The police were delayed by the _ (absent) of information about the crime. in/during her absence absences from class/school In the absence of informationabsence2. but the unusual beds do
4、nt bother us any more. bother vt. to upset or frighten someone by talking to them when they do not want to talk to you; to make someone feel slightly worried, upset, or concerned; to annoy someone, especially by interrupting them when they are trying to do something 使烦恼，使担心；花费时间精力做某事；打扰使烦恼，使担心；花费时间精
5、力做某事；打扰 vi. to make the effort to do something花费时间精力做某事花费时间精力做某事 bother sb. with sth. bother to do sth. n. trouble or difficulty that has been caused by small problems and that usually only continues for a short time 麻烦，困难麻烦，困难eg Dont bother your father when hes working. I didnt want to bother her w
6、ith work matters on her day off. She never bothered with/about clothes. Dont bother to answer this phone call. (翻译翻译) 你你父亲工作时不要打扰他。父亲工作时不要打扰他。 我我不想在她休假的时候因为工作问题打扰她。不想在她休假的时候因为工作问题打扰她。 她她从不为衣服烦恼。从不为衣服烦恼。 别别费费心去接这个来电。心去接这个来电。3. The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding, but they can
7、also be extremely rewarding. occupy vt. to fill a particular amount of space; use something such as a room, seat, or bed; to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it; if something occupies you or your time, you are busy doing it占用，使用；居住；侵占；使忙于占用，使用；居住；侵占；使忙于occupation n. 工工作，职业作，职业；占领；占
8、领eg The piano occupies a lot of space. The dinner and speeches occupied more than three hours. The region was quickly occupied by foreign troops. My neighbor occupied an important position in the government. (翻译翻译) 钢钢琴占了很大的空间。琴占了很大的空间。 晚晚餐和演讲占用了三个多小时。餐和演讲占用了三个多小时。 该该地区很快被外国军队占领。地区很快被外国军队占领。 我我的的邻邻居在
9、政府中担任重要的职位。居在政府中担任重要的职位。【拓展拓展】occupy oneself (in) doing sth./ with sth. 忙于做某事忙于做某事occupied adj. 有人使用的；忙于有人使用的；忙于的的；被；被占领的占领的be occupied in doing 忙于做忙于做be occupied with sth. 忙于忙于(做做)某事某事eg Workmen are occupied in/with pulling down the house. (翻译翻译) 工工人们正忙着拆除房子。人们正忙着拆除房子。【语境应用语境应用】完完成句子。成句子。1) Writing
10、 _ (occupy) most of my free time.2) Jim occupied himself in _ (play) his violin.3) The workers _ (occupy) the factory and refused to leave.4) What are you occupied _ this morning?occupiesplayingoccupiedwithoccupation, profession, career, joboccupation 泛指任何一种工作，常用于正式文件。泛指任何一种工作，常用于正式文件。profession 需要特
11、别教育和训练的职业，如医生、需要特别教育和训练的职业，如医生、律师、教师等。律师、教师等。career多年甚至终生从事的职业。多年甚至终生从事的职业。job任何有收益的工作，指为雇主工作。任何有收益的工作，指为雇主工作。4. We need to evaluate the effects of low gravity on animals and plants. evaluate vt. to judge how good, useful, or successful something is 评价评价，评，评估，评价估，评价 evaluation n. 评估，估算评估，估算 eg You s
12、hould be able to evaluate your own work. We need to carry out a proper evaluation of the new system. (翻译翻译) 你你应该能够对自己的工作进行评估应该能够对自己的工作进行评估。 我我们要对新的系统进行合理的评估。们要对新的系统进行合理的评估。【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1) It can be difficult _ (evaluate) the effectiveness of different treatments.2) He does this by _ (evaluate
13、) the strength of the evidence for each category.3) We need to carry out a proper _ (evaluate) of the new system.to evaluate evaluatingevaluation5. Hopefully, it will cast new light on the Earths climate and lead to better lightning protection. cast new light on: to provide information that helps pe
14、ople understand something more clearly 使进一步了解使进一步了解 eg Human genome (人类基因组人类基因组) research is casting new light on Alzheimers disease. (翻译翻译) 人类基因组研究正进一步了解阿尔兹海默症。人类基因组研究正进一步了解阿尔兹海默症。6. With so much going on, the space station needs a lot of maintenance, so we constantly check support systems and do s
15、ome cleaning.with的复合结构在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴的复合结构在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。随、方式、原因、条件等状语。eg He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him.7. In the circumstances, its time for a spacewalk. circumstance n. the conditions in which you live, especially how much money you have 条件，状况条件，状况 circu
16、mstances 境境况，况，(尤指尤指)经济状况经济状况 in the circumstances 在这种情况下，既然如此在这种情况下，既然如此 eg You should act according to circumstances. In the circumstances, Paisleys plans looked highly appropriate. He lives in poor circumstances. (翻译翻译) 你你要随机应变。要随机应变。 他他生活在贫困的境况中生活在贫困的境况中。 Paisley所所拟定的计划在当时的情况下看来非常恰当。拟定的计划在当时的情况下
17、看来非常恰当。circumstance, environment, surroundingcircumstance常用复数，指和某行动或某件事有关的客观环境和常用复数，指和某行动或某件事有关的客观环境和条件，如时间、地点等条件，如时间、地点等；environment一般用单数，不用复数，指某人或某物周围的，并一般用单数，不用复数，指某人或某物周围的，并对人或物有影响的环境、条件，可以指精神的对人或物有影响的环境、条件，可以指精神的 (如注重道德的环如注重道德的环境境)，也可指物质的，也可指物质的 (如工作环境如工作环境)，还可以指自然环境，还可以指自然环境 (如空气、如空气、水、土等水、土等)
18、，或指人为的环境条件，或指人为的环境条件 (如经济环境如经济环境)；surrounding只用复数，指某人周围的事物或环境，这些事物与只用复数，指某人周围的事物或环境，这些事物与环境对他的思想、感情、修养有一定影响。环境对他的思想、感情、修养有一定影响。8. which allow us to breathe in space and protect us from exposure to the cold and radiation. exposure n. when someone is in a situation where they are not protected from so
19、mething dangerous or unpleasant; the action of showing the truth about someone or something, especially when it is bad; the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc. 面临，遭受；揭露；报道面临，遭受；揭露；报道 eg Exposure to lead (铅铅) is known to damage the brains of young children. Their
20、 sporting reputation has suffered enormously from Johnsons exposure. 【拓展拓展】expose v. 暴暴露露，露出；揭露；使，露出；揭露；使遭遭受受(危危险或不险或不快快)；使；使接接触；曝光触；曝光exposed adj. 无遮蔽无遮蔽的；的；易受攻击的；风险高的易受攻击的；风险高的eg He lifted his T-shirt to expose a scar across his chest. The report exposes the weaknesses of modern medical practice.
21、Many of the soldiers had been exposed to radiation. Some children are never exposed to classical music.【语境应用语境应用】完成句子完成句子/翻译句子。翻译句子。1) Prolonged _ to the sun can cause skin cancer. 长长时间晒太阳会导致皮肤癌。时间晒太阳会导致皮肤癌。2) Dont _ (让战士们处于让战士们处于) unnecessary risks.3) The teacher should _ (使学生们接触使学生们接触) real life s
22、ituations as far as possible.4) The visit to Germany gave them exposure to the language. 去去德国旅游使他们有机会接触到了德语。德国旅游使他们有机会接触到了德语。expose soldiers toexposureexpose the students to9. Then we head out, and sometimes perform tasks for hours at a time, with the beautiful Earth visible below. visible adj. some
23、thing that is visible can be seen; an effect that is visible is great enough to be noticed 看看得见得见的；明显的的；明显的 invisible adj. 看不见的看不见的 visibly adv. 明显地明显地 eg The outline of the mountains was clearly visible. The house was surrounded by trees and invisible from the road. (翻译翻译) 群群山的轮廓清晰可见山的轮廓清晰可见。 这这所房子
24、树木环绕，从路上是看不见的所房子树木环绕，从路上是看不见的。10. Splendid as the view of the Earth is, spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think.as引导让步状语从句：表语引导让步状语从句：表语/状语状语+as+从句从句。as虽然虽然；尽管尽管eg Heavily as it was raining outside, they started out very early.11. In view of the low-gravity environment, eating is also dif
25、ferent in space.in view of: because of a particular thing, or considering a particular fact 鉴于，考虑到鉴于，考虑到eg In view of what youve said, I think we should reconsider our proposed course of action.12. Furthermore, to keep our body healthy, we must ensure a balanced supply of nutrients by taking pills.
26、furthermore adv. in addition to what has already been said 此外，再者此外，再者 eg He is old and unpopular. Furthermore, he has at best only two years of political life ahead of him. (翻译翻译) 他他又老又不受欢迎，而且，他最多也就两年的政治生又老又不受欢迎，而且，他最多也就两年的政治生命了。命了。ensure v. to make certain that something will happen properly 确保，保证确
27、保，保证ensure sb. sth. ensure + thateg The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft. The medicine should ensure you a good nights sleep. Our new research strategy ensures that we get the best possible results.【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1) I fitted a new lock to _ _ (保证自行车不致失窃保证自行车不致失窃).2) The
28、letter of introduction will _ _ (确保你被接见确保你被接见).ensure that the bicycle ensure youwould not be stolen an interview13. Spending some time in the gym is of vital important to astronauts health. vital adj. extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist; necessary in order to keep yo
29、u alive 必不可少的，极必不可少的，极其重要的其重要的; 维持生命所需的维持生命所需的 eg Regular exercise is vital for your health. The kidney plays a vital role in the removal of waste products from the blood.【拓展拓展】 be vital to/for 对对是至关重要的是至关重要的 be of vital importance 至关重要至关重要 Its vital to do sth. 做某事很重要做某事很重要 Its vital that (should) d
30、o 是十分重要的是十分重要的(虚拟语气虚拟语气) play a vital role in 在在中起极其重要的作用中起极其重要的作用eg This matter is of vital importance to us. 这这件事对我们来说至关重要。件事对我们来说至关重要。 Richardson played a vital role in the teams success. Richardson对球队对球队的成功起了极重要的作用。的成功起了极重要的作用。 It is vital that the patient (should) take in enough nutrition every
31、 day. 病人病人每天吸收足够的营养是极其重要的。每天吸收足够的营养是极其重要的。【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1) Most importantly, its _ _ (更更重要的是你重要的是你要注意餐桌礼仪要注意餐桌礼仪).2) Knowing about the history and culture of Tianjin _(至关重要至关重要) for me to become a good volunteer. 3) Understanding history is _(重要的重要的) to understanding ourselves as a people and
32、as a nation. is of vital importanceits vital that you should mindvitalyour table manners14. ., we discipline ourselves to do at least two hours of exercise every day.discipline n. a way of training someone so that they learn to control their behavior and obey rules; the ability to control your own b
33、ehavior, so that you do what you are expected to do; a way of training your mind or learning to control your behavior训练，训练，纪律；行为准则；自制力纪律；行为准则；自制力vt. to control the way you work; to punish someone; to teach someone to obey rules and control behavior严格要求；惩罚；严格要求；惩罚；训练训练eg The book gives parents advice
34、 on discipline. Working from home requires a good deal of discipline. The officers were later disciplined. Different cultures have different ways of disciplining their children. Try to discipline yourself to write every day. (翻译翻译) 这这本书向父母提供了管教方面的建议。本书向父母提供了管教方面的建议。 在在家上班要具备良好的自制力。家上班要具备良好的自制力。 那那些官
35、员后来受到了处罚。些官员后来受到了处罚。 要要想办法约束自己每天写作想办法约束自己每天写作。 不不同的文化有不同的管教儿童的方法同的文化有不同的管教儿童的方法。15. During our leisure time, theres nothing we like more than to sit back with the rest of the crew and watch our remarkable planet go by. leisure n. time when you are not working/ studying and can relax and do things yo
36、u enjoy 空闲；闲空闲；闲暇暇 at ones leisure 空闲时空闲时 eg Most people now enjoy shorter working hours and more leisure time. Take the leaflets home and read them at your leisure.【语境应用语境应用】翻译句子。翻译句子。1) 现现在在看看电影电影是是国民最普遍的消遣活动国民最普遍的消遣活动。 Watching film is now the nations most popular leisure activity.2) 他他空闲空闲时会阅时会阅
37、读所有的全国性报纸。读所有的全国性报纸。 He could read all the national papers at his leisure.An astronaut has written a journal entry about an experiment in the space lab. Complete the journal entry with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below.visible circumstance absence cast new light onbother ev
38、aluate mission of vital importanceOn the space station, one of the main _ of astronauts is to do experiments. Some experiments aim to _ the effects of low gravity. We are currently working on an experiment: how to grow vegetables in space.It is difficult to keep food fresh longer than 18 months in s
39、pace, so growing vegetables is _ for longer space missions. Hopefully, this experiment will _ space farming and allow us to set up permanent bases on other planets, such as Mars. Despite these _ benefits, there are many challenges.missionsof vital importancecast new light onvisibleevaluateOne challe
40、nge is that the environment in space is altogether different from that back on the Earth. In normal _, plants grow upwards. However, because of the near _ of gravity in space, there is no such thing as “up” or “down”. Fortunately, a special kit has been developed. It contains special “bags”, which p
41、rovide the soil and nutrients for plants. The seeds in the bag are glued to a special material that will guide them to grow in the right direction. Another thing that _ us is the safety of eating the vegetables grown in space. We need to do a scientific analysis after the space-grown vegetables are
42、sent to the Earth.circumstancesabsencebothersAnswer the questions.1. Why are the astronauts experimenting on growing vegetables in space? It is difficult to keep food fresh longer than 18 months in space. Additionally, this experiment will cast new light on space farming and allow for setting up per
43、manent bases on other planets.2. What are the challenges of growing vegetables in space? One challenge is that the environment in space is different from that on the Earth. Another challenge is the safety of eating vegetables grown in space.The lecture transcript uses the words in the table below. C
44、omplete the table with word from the same word family. Then try to think of more word families.VerbsNounsAdjectivesAdverbsadventuredifferdefinitelyrewardingremarkableVerbsNounsAdjectivesAdverbsadventuredifferdefinitelyrewardingremarkableadventureadventurousadventurouslydifferencedifferentdifferently
45、definedefinitiondefinite, definingrewardrewardrewardinglyremarkremarkremarkablyVerbsNounsAdjectivesAdverbsexperimenthopespacedreamsleepexperimentexperimentalexperimentallyhopehopefulhopefullyspacespaciousspaciouslydream, dreamerdreamydreamilysleep, sleepersleepysleepilyThe lecture transcript uses pr
46、onouns like “it”, “that” and “they” to improve cohesion. Find the sentences using these pronounce in the lecture transcript. Then try to improve the sentences below using proper pronouns.We often use pronouns to refer to thins, people or ideas that have just been mentioned. It is an effective way to
47、 improve the cohesion of our writing.it指代前面提到过的事物，指代前面提到过的事物，they是它的复数形式。是它的复数形式。that既可指代单既可指代单数可数名词，也可以替代不可数名词，数可数名词，也可以替代不可数名词，those是它的复数形式。是它的复数形式。Life on the space station may seem strange and difficult at first but you will adjust to life on the space station. When you feel lonely, you contact
48、your family and friends back on the Earth. Contacting them can make you feel better.itFind the sentences with pronouns like “it”, “that” and “they” in the lecture transcript and understand what they refer to. ThatMy six-month stay on a space station has come to an end, and it has been a challenging
49、but magical adventure.I bet youd love to know what daily life is like up in space and how it differs from that on the Earth.The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding, but they can also be extremely rewarding.Im working on one experiment which locates and tracks lightning over large
50、 regions of the Earth. Hopefully, it will cast new light on the Earths. spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think. Its probably the most dangerous work, with potential risks such as electric shocks.Thats why every spacewalk is carefully planned. Salt and pepper are only in liquid form, so t
