1、Basics of Qualitative Research DesignBerg Ch. 2Leedy and Ormrod Ch. 3 - 5Three General Approaches to ResearchAPPROACH POSITIVISM CRITICALINTERPRETIVEUSUAL TYPE experiment, historical- field research, OF RESEARCHsurvey, comparative interviewscont. anal. PERSPECTIVEtechnocratic transcendent transcende
2、ntTYPE OF LOGICreconstructed logic-in-practice logic-in-practice PATHlinear non-linear non-linear /cyclical /cyclicalQualitative methodologynData in words rather than numbersnNon-positivistic orientationnIncludes:Field research and ethnographyObservation, case studiesQualitative interviewingAction r
3、esearchHistorical comparative analysisCharacteristics of Qualitative ResearchnContext is criticalnIn depth, detailednResearcher immerses self in data (non-objective)nResearcher integritynBias recognizednUse of grounded theorynCan detect process and sequencenData are interpreted rather than analyzedC
4、opyright Allyn & Bacon 2010The Deductive (Quantitative) ProcessIdeas and theory come before empirical researchIdeas lead to refutation through researchThe Inductive (Qualitative) Processo Research leads to theory developmento Research initiates, reformulates, deflects and clarifies theoryIdeas and T
5、heoryWhat is Theory?n“a statement of relationships between concepts”n“a roadmap for organizing ideas and knowledge about the social world”Theory PartsnConceptsConcept clustersClassification concepts (ideal types)nAssumptionsnTypology or TaxonomynRelationshipsThe Measurement ProcessnQuantitative = de
6、ductivenQualitative = inductivenBoth involve conceptualization and operationalizationConceptsCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010nSymbolic elementsnFoundation of communication and thoughtnTwo distinct partsSymbolic elements (word, symbol, term)Definitional elementOperationalization of a ConceptCopyright All
7、yn & Bacon 2010nConceptualizeProviding a working definition of a conceptUse theory and researchnOperationalizeproviding the criteria for measuring a conceptWhat, specifically, will you be observing?Often continues throughout the research processProcess of Qualitative Operationalization:Empirical Obs
8、ervationsWorking IdeasConceptsGeneralizations/TheoriesBergs Blended ModelCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010nThe Spiraling Research ApproachnBegin with a rough ideanGather theoretical informationnReconsider and redefineProcess: Idea - Lit. Review (involves Theory) - Design- Data Collection/Organization- An
9、alysis/Findings -DisseminationChoosing a Research ProblemnWhere do problems come from?Practical problems in the fieldThe literature in the fieldPersonal interestExamples of Problems:nThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of body image and PPF (perceived physical fitness) for different e
10、xercise settingsnThe purpose of this study is to examine the type of talk during a writing activity to determine if there is a difference between off topic and on topic talk on the quality of students writing samplesReviewing the LiteraturenRecommended Sources:Journal articlesBooksConference proceed
11、ingsGovernment / corporate reportsLibrary DatabasesnOther Sources (not recommended)Newspapers and MagazinesInternet esp. sites like WikipediaThe Annotated BibliographynA very useful first stepnConsists of a bibliographic citation and a descriptive and evaluative annotation of a selection of your mos
12、t useful sourcesReviewing the LiteratureCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010nFormulate a rough questionnVisit the LibraryConduct both online and in-print searchesnMake a list of search termsnEvaluate the resultsEvaluating Web SitesCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010nInformation to check on every websiteURLDomainDa
13、te of last updateCorroborating informationWriting The Literature ReviewnConcentrates on the scientific researchnProvides the context for your researchnJustifies the proposed studynSummarizes and evaluates the literature in the fieldQuestions to be answered in a literature review:n1. What do we alrea
14、dy know in the immediate area concerned?n2. What are the characteristics of the key concepts (or the main factors or variables)?n3. What are the relationships between these key concepts, factors or variables?n4. What are the existing generalizations or theories?n5. Where are the inconsistencies/shor
15、tcomings in our knowledge and understanding?n6. What views need to be (further) explored?n7. What information or evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?n8. Why study (further) the research problem?n9. What contribution can the present study be expected to make?n10. What rese
16、arch designs or methods seem unsatisfactory? Tips:nRemember the purposenRead with a purposenWrite with a purposenAlways put citations into your writing immediately nKeep a bibliographic fileCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010Author CardnFull citationnLibrary call numbero Topic CardoAuthors nameoDate of pub
17、licationoBrief topical labeloVerbatim excerptBergs Two-Card MethodJanesick (1994) in Berg.“design is the choreography that establishes the research dance”nWhat are the implications of this statement?The Research DesignnThe plan for conducting a studyForesee possible glitchesConsider appropriate paci
18、ngAppraise ethical proprietiesnFeasibility is contingent on many factors:Length of time to do the studyEthical constraintsCooperation of othersCost of conducting the researchResearchers own skillsSettingCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010nIdentification of a data-collection sitePracticalnentry or access -
19、gatekeepersnavailabilityReasonable in size and complexityAppropriatenessCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010nProbability SamplingMathematically representative of the larger populationRelies on random samplingnNon-Probability SamplingDoesnt require a list of the population elementsCan be used with difficult
20、or sensitive populationsSampling StrategiesProbability SamplingCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2010nSimple Random SamplingEvery unit has the same chance of inclusionnSystematic Random SamplingEvery nth unit is selected from the listnStratified Random SamplingIndependent samples from subgroups of the samplen
21、Cluster SamplingClusters are randomly and elements within are randomly selectedNon-probability SamplingnConvenience SamplesRelies on available subjectsnPurposive SamplesResearcher knowledge or expertisenSnowball SamplesRespondent-drivennQuota SamplesProportional matrixData AnalysisCopyright Allyn &
22、Bacon 2010nData ReductionReduce and transform the datanData DisplayOrganize and assemble the datanConclusions and VerificationConfirm initial conclusions through double checking and independent examinationDisseminationnWriting the final report on your research for publication or presentation to a funding agencynIntegral part of the research process
