1、功能性肠病(FBD) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Functional constipation (FC) Functional diarrhea (FDr) Functional abdominal bloating/distention (FAB/D) Unspecified functional bowel disorder (U-FBD) Opioid induced constipation (OIC)Lacy, Mearin et al., Gastroenterology 20161.中华医学会消化病学分会胃肠动力学组。中华消化杂志,2008,2
2、8(1):38-40。2. 何宛蓉,等。胃肠病学和肝病学杂志,2012,21(1):83-88。 全球总患病率在5%25% 之间,大部分亚洲国家患病率在5%10%之间患病率 患病女性高于男性,男女性别比在1:11:2 之间性别 多见于30 40岁的中青年年龄 反复发作,严重影响患者的生活质量症状Lacy BE et al. Gastroenterology,2016;150:13931407.反复发作的腹痛,过去3个月内每周发作至少1天, 伴有以下两项或两项以上:与排便有关发作伴随排便频率的改变发作伴随大便性状的改变在诊断之前症状出现至少6个月,且近3个月症状必须符合诊断标准腹痛与腹部不适疼痛
3、不痛不适?腹部不适的含义是什么?腹部不适 = 腹痛?只是性质与程度的差异?腹部不适 不同文化背景理解不同容易造成混乱非特异性Spiegel et. al. Al Pharm Ther 2010123例 IBS 患者调查:腹部不适 腹痛腹部不适 = 腹胀/腹部膨隆, 饱胀, 肠鸣 排便不尽感, 排便急迫, 腹部不适的含义是什么?Rome III 及 Rome IV标准诊断IBS的差异Palsson et al. DDW 2016 IBS prevalence (%)02468101214Rome IVRome III11.15.8(N= 3600 UK, US and Canada)Palsso
4、n et al. DDW 2016 IBS prevalence (%)02468101214Rome IVRome III11.15.8(N= 3600 UK, US and Canada)?FCFDrFAB/DUFBDRome III 及 Rome IV标准诊断IBS的差异IBS Rome IV分型% BM hard or lumpy% BM loose or watery02550751000255075100IBS-UIBS-CIBS-MIBS-DBristol types 1 or 21 and 2Bristol types 6 or 7Type 1Type 2Type 3Type
5、4Type 5Type 6Type 7plus6 and 7IBS with constipation (IBS-C)IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D)IBS with constipation/diarrhea (IBS-M)IBS unclassifiable (IBS-U)Based only on days with abnormal bowel habitsRome IIIRome IV100906050403020108070017%21%60%2%28%34%33%5%IBS-CIBS-DIBS-MIBS-U罗马IV对罗马 III IBS分型的影响 Palsson
6、 et al. DDW 2016 “Few tests are required for patients who have typical IBS symptoms and no alarm features”.“IBS is often properly diagnosed without testing”.“Fulfilling diagnostic criteria is mandatory to make the diagnosis of IBS but it is not enough. Some organic diseases may also meet these crite
7、ria.”罗马IV对IBS诊断IBS常与FC 及FD重叠Ford et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013功能性便秘N=513IBS-CN=17310518.1%6811.7%40870.2%功能性腹泻N=615IBS-DN=38021527.6%16521.1%40051.3%FBDs为一组疾病相互重叠便秘腹泻腹痛IBSMCDFCFDrMearin & Lacy Neurogastroenterol 2012FBD相互转换随自然病程、治疗反应或两者共同作用转换IBSFDrFCFAB/DCD12 months folow-upIBS-C(n=142)FC: 39%I
8、BS-C: 13%IBS-M: 5%Normal: 41%FC: 26%IBS-C: 36%IBS-M: 16%Normal: 21%Wong et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2010FC与IBS-C随病程转换FC(n=195)饮食习惯FODMAP乳糖不耐受食物消化吸收 肠道细菌肠道微生物肠道感染过度增殖(SIBO)菌群构成改变/紊乱肠道炎症/免疫激活炎性细胞/介质通透性增高肠道高敏感性肠道动力/痉挛胃肠蠕动波食物传输 - 平滑肌痉挛精神因素紧张、焦虑、抑郁神经因素痛觉敏感性增高脑肠轴排便习惯改变腹痛腹胀腹部不适Maura Corsetti et al. Expert Re
9、v Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016,18:1-9.IBS的治疗目的 消除患者的顾虑 改善其症状 提高生命质量IBS的治疗原则 建立良好医患关系 根据主要症状类型和症状严重程度进行分级治疗 注意治疗措施的个体化和综合应用罗马IV:功能性胃肠病.第二卷:原书第4版/(美)德罗斯曼主编;方秀才等译。北京:科学出版社,2016IBS症状识别主要症状建立良好的医患关系,调整饮食和生活方式的建议作用于外周的药物作用于全身的药物微生态/免疫调节补充和替代治疗IBS-C补充膳食纤维非处方缓泻剂渗透性泻剂促分泌剂IBS-D-阿片受体拮抗剂胆汁酸结合树脂IBS-C5-HT4受体激动剂IBS
10、-D5-HT3受体拮抗剂疼痛解痉剂抗抑郁药益生菌抗生素可考虑益生元特殊饮食行为疗法催眠疗法心理动力学疗法放松疗法饮食习惯FODMAP乳糖不耐受食物消化吸收 肠道细菌肠道微生物肠道感染过度增殖(SIBO)菌群构成改变/紊乱肠道炎症/免疫激活炎性细胞/介质通透性增高肠道高敏感性肠道动力/痉挛胃肠蠕动波食物传输 - 平滑肌痉挛脑肠轴治疗措施: 低碳水化合物 低果糖/果聚糖 低麸质 低FODMAP可能机制: 结肠内发酵产物/产气肠腔膨胀/肠动力改变 改变小肠内的渗透性(乳糖不耐受)Maura Corsetti et al. Novel pharmacological therapies for irr
11、itable bowel syndrome.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Mar 18:1-9FODMAPs食物的作用 可发酵的橄榄油、单糖、双糖、多元醇 果糖含量超过葡萄糖的水果 苹果, 桃子, 西瓜 含有果聚糖的食物 洋葱, 小葱, 芦笋, 洋蓟 小麦制品 面包, 面条, 麦片, 饼, 饼干 含山梨醇、乳糖的食物 含棉籽糖的食物 豆类, 小扁豆, 卷心菜,抱子甘蓝 Eswaran & Chey, GI Cl North Am 2011;40:141Shepherd, et al, Clin Gastro Hepatol 2008;6:765G
12、ibson & Shepherd. J Gastro Hepatol 2010;25:252 Staudacher HM et al. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2011;24(5):487-495症状改善的患者百分比%8649498261855087低FODMAP饮食有效缓解IBS腹胀/腹痛症状Halmos et al Gastroenterology 2014; 146:67-75腹胀腹痛饮食习惯FODMAP乳糖不耐受食物消化吸收 肠道细菌肠道微生物肠道感染过度增殖(SIBO)菌群构成改变/紊乱肠道炎症/免疫激活炎性细胞/介质通透性增高肠道高敏感性肠道动力/痉挛胃肠蠕动/传送 -
13、平滑肌痉挛脑肠轴治疗措施: 纠正胃肠动力 解痉剂 5HT受体拮抗剂 鸟甘酸环化酶C激动剂可能机制: 胃肠动力改变,蠕动/食物传送加快(腹泻)或减慢(便秘) 平滑肌痉挛,腹痛Maura Corsetti et al. Novel pharmacological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Mar 18:1-9JAMA March 3, 2015 Volume 313, Number 9Ruepert L, et al. Bulking agents,antispasmo
14、dics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD003460. )71解痉剂类药物抗胆碱能制剂/抗毒蕈硷 双环胺 东莨菪碱 西托溴胺 奥替溴铵直接平滑肌松弛剂 美贝维林 薄荷油钙通道阻断剂 奥替溴铵 匹维溴铵速激肽拮抗剂 奥替溴铵奥替溴铵:同时具有三重作用机制拮抗NK2受体, 降低内脏高敏感性阻断钙通道,减少钙内流,松弛平滑肌M2/3受体NK2受体T-Type钙通道L-Type钙通道抑制胆碱能受体,降低胞内钙离子Jakub
15、 Rychter, Francisco Espn, Diana Gallego et al. Colonic smooth muscle cells and colonic motility patterns as a target for irritable bowel syndrome therapy: mechanisms of action of otilonium bromide . Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2014, Vol. 7(4) 156-166最大耐受压力(Hgmm)最大耐受体积(mL)Czimmer J, et al. J Physiol Paris
16、. 2001 Jan-Dec;95(1-6):153-6.15例IBS患者,接受奥替溴铵40mg tid 口服7天TreatmentControlStudyn/Nn/NMebeverineSubtotal (95% CI)63/12244/119Chi-squared 14.96 (d.f.=3) P=0.00 Z=2.43 P=0.01CimetropiumSubtotal (95% CI)62/9438/94Chi-squared 16.96 (d.f.=4) P=0.00 Z=3.56 P=0.0004TrimebutineSubtotal (95% CI)62/11928/116Chi
17、-squared 21.65 (d.f.=3) P=0.00 Z=4.59 P0.0001OtiloniumSubtotal (95% CI)122/22679/231Chi-squared 3.38 (d.f.=2) P=0.34 Z=4.38 P=0.0001HyoscineSubtotal (95% CI)166/314130/310Chi-squared 1.38 (d.f.=2) P=0.71 Z=2.74 P=0.006PinaveriumSubtotal (95% CI)43/5534/55Chi-squared 0.65 (d.f.=1) P=0.72 Z=1.86 P=0.0
18、6Total (95% CI)518/927353/925Chi-squared 67.10 (d.f.=20) P=0.00 Z=7.86 P0.00001Peto odds ratio(95% CI Fixed)Peto odds ratio(95% CI Fixed)2.04 1.15. 3.632.87 1.61. 5.133.45 2.03. 5.862.33 1.60. 3.401.56 1.14. 2.152.15 0.96. 4.832.13 1.77. 2.58Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 355-361Favour placeboFavo
19、ur treatment0.10.25101解痉剂治疗IBS荟萃分析治疗IBS-C 利那洛肽(linaclotide) -腺苷酸环化酶C激动剂 鲁比前列酮(lubiprostone)-2型氯离子通道激活剂 Plecanatide(研发中)-腺苷酸环化酶C激动剂 Elobixibat(研发中) -回肠胆汁酸转运抑制剂 普卢卡必利(Prucalopride)-5TH4受体激动剂治疗IBS-D 阿洛司琼(Alosetron)-5TH3受体拮抗剂 昂丹司琼(Ondansetron) -5TH3受体拮抗剂 雷莫司琼(Ramosetron) -选择性5TH3受体拮抗 洛哌丁胺(Loperamide) -阿
20、片受体阻滞剂 阿片受体药物 FDA 标准的IBS-C终点: 腹痛下降 30 %,同一周内相比基线CSBM 1次或1次以上,且12周内至少维持6周 CSBM:完全自发排便P 0.0001Rao S et al. A 12-week, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week randomized withdrawal period to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.Am J Gastroente
21、rol. 2012 Nov;107(11):1714-24 利那洛肽组 (n405) 290ug ,1次/日12w 安慰剂组 n395Rao S et al. A 12-week, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week randomized withdrawal period to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov;107(11):171
22、4-24排便次数改变Rao S et al. A 12-week, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week randomized withdrawal period to evaluate the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Nov;107(11):1714-24腹痛加重几率鲁比前列酮( Lubiprostone )l鲁比前列酮是一种2型氯离子通道激活剂,可促进胃肠道
23、氯离子分泌l还可通过前列腺E1受体促进平滑肌收缩,促进胃肠运动l通过促进胃肠分泌和平滑肌运动,加快肠内容物的传送,缓解便秘症状Drossman DA et al. Clinical trial: lubiprostone in patients with constipation-associated irritable bowel syndrome-results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Feb 1;29(3):329-41Drossman DA et al. Cli
24、nical trial: lubiprostone in patients with constipation-associated irritable bowel syndrome-results of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Feb 1;29(3):329-41相对基线的平均改变值饮食习惯FODMAP乳糖不耐受食物消化吸收 肠道细菌肠道微生物肠道微生态过度增殖(SIBO)菌群构成改变/紊乱肠道炎症/免疫激活炎性细胞/介质通透性增高肠道高敏感性肠道动力/痉挛胃肠蠕动波食物传
25、输 - 平滑肌痉挛脑肠轴IBS的病理生理与治疗策略-肠道微生物治疗措施: 非吸收抗生素 微生态制剂/益生菌可能机制: 肠道微生物及其产物与肠壁中的免疫及神经末梢有密切联系 通过脑肠轴及免疫激活导致渗透性、神经敏感性及胃肠动力改变Maura Corsetti et al. Novel pharmacological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Mar 18:1-9Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, et al; Task Force on the
26、 Management of Functional Bowel Disorders. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(suppl 1):S2-S26.)59N Engl J Med 2011;364:22-32.N Engl J Med 2011;364:22-32.Pimentel M et al . TARG
27、ET Study Group. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 6;364(1):22-32.饮食习惯FODMAP乳糖不耐受食物消化吸收 肠道细菌肠道微生物肠道微生态过度增殖(SIBO)菌群构成改变/紊乱肠道炎症/免疫激活炎性细胞/介质通透性增高肠道高敏感性肠道动力/痉挛胃肠蠕动波食物传输 - 平滑肌痉挛脑肠轴IBS的病理生理与治疗策略-炎症/免疫治疗措施: 抗炎治疗 稳定肥大细胞膜 细胞因子制剂可能机制: 由于肠内
28、容物(菌群、感染、食物)等改变及免疫激活,导致肠道炎症 浸润炎性细胞及释放的介质可导致通透性增高及肠道高敏感性Maura Corsetti et al. Novel pharmacological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Mar 18:1-9有效患者百分比治疗有效;患者腹痛或腹部不适满意缓解Barbara G, et al.Randomised controlled trial of mesalazine in IBS. Gut 2016;65:8290.美沙拉嗪
29、 800mg tid 12周 n185类胰蛋白酶类胰蛋白酶*Corinaldesi et al., Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:245-252蛋白水解酶活性蛋白水解酶活性Andrews et al., Gastroenterology 2008 (Abstr.)*直肠不适的阈值内脏高敏感性IBS患者*P=0.015 vs baseline IBS严重腹痛的患者比例P=0.031 vs baseline *Klooker et al. Gut 2010;59:1213-21 相比安慰剂,酮替芬还可改善生活质量 但其作用机制不清楚(中枢镇静作用?)饮食习惯FODM
30、AP乳糖不耐受食物消化吸收 肠道细菌肠道微生物肠道感染过度增殖(SIBO)菌群构成改变/紊乱肠道动力/痉挛胃肠蠕动波食物传输 - 平滑肌痉挛精神因素紧张、焦虑、抑郁神经因素痛觉敏感性增高脑肠轴IBS的病理生理与治疗策略精神心理治疗措施: 抗抑郁制剂 催眠疗法可能机制: 中枢神经系统对疼痛感受、情感都有作用 通过脑肠轴,神经系统直接或间接调节胃肠动力Maura Corsetti et al. Novel pharmacological therapies for irritable bowel syndrome.Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Mar
31、 18:1-9Ford AC, Quigley EM, Lacy BE, et al. Effect of antidepressants and psychological therapies, including hypnotherapy, in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(9):1350-1365轻度偶尔出现症状生活质量尚可医药花费少重度每天都出现症状烦人,回避社交活动生活质量差医药花费多严重程度病情严重程度医药花费生活质量影响IBS
32、治疗外周治疗措施中枢治疗措施针对肠腔胃肠相关调节因素中枢系统辅助措施通过性症状腹泻,便秘感知性症状腹痛,腹胀泻药,抗腹泻制剂,纤维素,胆汁粘结剂,微生态制剂,抗生素,饮食习惯改变平滑肌解痉剂(如:奥替溴铵),利那洛肽,鲁比前列酮,利福昔明抗抑郁制药(TCAs类,SNRIs类),阿洛司琼认知/行为疗法,催眠疗法主要症状Ford AC et al. Task Force on the Management of Functional Bowel Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109 supl1:s2-s26腹痛 解痉剂 抗抑郁制剂 -TCAs/SSRIs 阿洛司琼 -(5HT3拮抗剂)便秘 利那洛肽 鲁比前列酮 纤维素 PEG溶液腹胀 低FODMAPs饮食 利福昔明 微生态制剂/益生菌腹泻 洛哌丁胺 阿托品类 消胆胺腹痛/腹部不适腹胀胃肠运动改变谢谢!谢谢!