1、2022非谓语动词（2）做定语、状语非谓语动词概述非谓语动词概述一个简单句一个简单句只能有一个动词一个动词做谓语谓语，这个动词叫谓语动词谓语动词；在这个简单句中，其他没有做谓语的动词，不管有多少个，都不能做谓语，这些动词就叫非谓语动词非谓语动词。形式：形式：动词不定式动词不定式to do；动名词；动名词doing；分词；分词(现在分词现在分词doing,过去分词过去分词done)功能：功能：谓语动词作谓语，非谓语动词作谓语动词作谓语，非谓语动词作除谓语以外除谓语以外的成分，的成分，主宾表定状补主宾表定状补。非谓语动词非谓语动词做定语做定语非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语一、不定
2、式作定语定语：定语：定语修饰定语修饰名词或代词，用名词或代词，用来说明人或事物来说明人或事物的品质或特征。的品质或特征。1.当名词被序数词或the only，the right等修饰，且该名词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者时，用不定式主动形式作定语。Eg.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。He was the only one to survive the plane crash.他是这次飞机失事中唯一的幸存者。非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语一
3、、不定式作定语2.有些名词的同源动词同源动词常跟不定式作宾语不定式作宾语，而这些名词名词也常跟不定式不定式作定语作定语，常见的有：wish，decision，refusal，arrangement,intention,agreement,hope,need,plan,promise,failure,attempt,offer,warning等。例句例句比较比较I dont trust his promise to come for a visit.我不相信他来访的诺言。He promised to come for a visit.He said he had no plans to go t
4、here.他说他没有要去那里的计划。He didnt plan to go there.He made an attempt to stand up.他试图站起来。He attempted to stand up.非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语一、不定式作定语3.有些名词的同源形容词同源形容词常跟不定式作状语状语，而这些名词名词也常跟不定式作定语定语，常见的有：ability,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness,patience,obligation,determination等。例句例句比较比较His eagerness to g
5、et back home was quite obvious.很明显他急于回家。He was eager to get back home.他急于回家。A good teacher must have the ability to make himself understood.一个好教师必须有把自己的知识讲明白的能力。He is able to make himselfunderstood.他有能力把自己的知识讲明白。非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语一、不定式作定语4.有些名词常用不定式作定语说明其内容说明其内容，它们是：chance,opportunity,reason,w
6、ay,effort,measure,movement,power,right,skill,strength,struggle,idea等，不定式可以换成of+doing。Eg.He has a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting.He has a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.他有一个奇怪的方法使他的课既生动又有趣。非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语一、不定式作定语5.中心词中心词是作定语的不定式的动作的执行者执行者，动词不
7、定式所表示的动作一般后于后于谓语动词或在将来将来发生。Eg.He had no photographs to remind him of the past.他没有照片来使他回顾过去的事情。(remind后于had。)Is there anybody to carry on the work?有人要继续这项工作吗?(to carry on表示将来)非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语一、不定式作定语6.have sth.to do与have sth.to be done的区别相同处相同处区别区别例句例句都有“有有要做要做”的意思，不定式必须是及物动词及物动词或相当于及物动相当于及物动
8、词词的短语have sth.to do句型中，to do的执行者执行者是句子的主语主语I have a letter to post,so I cant go swimming with you.我有一封信要寄出，因此我不能和你一起去游泳。have sth.to be done句型中，to be done的执行者不是不是主语而是另有其人I have a letter to be posted.Canyou help me?我有一封信想让别人替我寄出去，你能帮我一下吗？非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语二、分词作定语二、分词作定语1.及物动词及物动词分词形式作定语形式形式用法用法例句例句v.-in
9、g被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动主动关系，v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征特征I have never seen a more moving movie.being done被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系被动关系且表示动作正在进行进行The houses being built are for the teachers.done被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动被动关系，表示动作已经完成完成或表状态状态Things lost never come again!非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语二、分词作定语二、分词作定语2.不及物动词不及物动词分词形式作定语形式形式用法用法例句例句v.
10、-ing表示动作正在进行进行boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 白开水falling leaves 正在下落的叶子fallen leaves 落叶过去过去分词分词表示动作已经完成完成非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语二、分词、动名词作定语二、分词、动名词作定语3.英语中有些表示感觉感觉的动词，其现在现在分词形式表示“令人的”，过去过去分词形式表示“感到的”。a puzzling expression 令人困惑的表情a puzzled expression 感到困惑的表情动名词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的动名词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的用途用途。a fishing net
11、渔网(=a net for fishing)a swimming pool游泳池(=a pool for swimming)动名词作定语：动名词作定语：表功能。可转化为n.+for+动名词。Eg.sleeping pills现在分词作定语：现在分词作定语：可理解为adj.，表属性、特征，可转为定从。Eg.a moving film技巧点拨技巧点拨非谓语动非谓语动词作定语词作定语提示词提示词解题法解题法逻辑关系逻辑关系解题法解题法固定句型固定句型to do被修饰名词的同源动词同源动词用不定式作宾语被修饰名词的同源形容词同源形容词用不定式作状语被修饰词被the only,the next,the
12、last等修饰，且与提示词为逻辑上的主动主动关系表示被修饰词的用途用途：doing被修饰词与提示词主动主动：表将来将来：to do;表过去或现在过去或现在：doing被修饰词与提示词被动被动：表完成完成：done;表将来将来：to be done;表进行进行：being done练习：非谓语作定语练习：非谓语作定语1.They made a decision _(put)off the meeting until next week.2.The building _(construct)will be completed next year.3.There are still many pro
13、blems _(solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.4.Its necessary to drink _(boil)water every day.5.I am fond of the plan _(go)on a trip to Hainan next month.6.Her eagerness _(work)will please the boss.7.Volunteer gives you a chance _(change)lives,including your own.to putbeing construct
14、edto be solvedboiledto goto workto change非谓语动词非谓语动词做状语做状语非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语状语概念：状语概念：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。位置灵活。用来表示行为发生的方式、条件、目的、时间、地点、程度等。不定式、分词作状语的基本原则：不定式、分词作状语的基本原则：不定式，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，即不定式、分词作状语，必须和句子的主语句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动主动或被动被动关系，否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语一、不定式作状语一、不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语目
15、的状语形式形式位置位置例句例句to+动词原形句首，句中In the show,the hosts and guests should complete tasks at a given place to win the race.in order to+动词原形 句首，句中In order to make a study of kangaroos,he went to Australia.so as to+动词原形句中Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year so as to visit her.非谓语动词作状语
16、非谓语动词作状语一、不定式作状语一、不定式作状语2.不定式作结果状语结果状语形式形式意思意思例句例句to+动词原形结果What have I done to offend you?我做什么了结果把你冒犯了？only to+动词原形结果却(表示意外的或事与愿违的结果)Jane hurried back only to findthat her mother had left.so+形容词/副词+as to+动词原形如此以至于Im not so stupid as to write it down.我不至于愚蠢到把它写下来。非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语一、不定式作状语一、不定式作状语2.不定式
17、作结果状语结果状语形式形式意思意思例句例句such+名词+as to+动词原形如此以至于It was such a loud noise as to wake everyone in the house.enough to+动词原形 足够能He is old enough to join the army.too.to+动词原形太而不能Im too tired to stay up late.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语一、不定式作状语一、不定式作状语3.不定式作原因状语原因状语用法用法常用词常用词例句例句形容词形容词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生产生这种情绪这种情绪的原
18、因原因happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleasedYou will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语一、不定式作状语一、不定式作状语4.不定式的主动形式表被动主动形式表被动意义用法用法常用词常用词例句例句在“主语系动词表语主语系动词表语(形容词形容词)+to do”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动被动关系，且形容词形容词表示主语的特征或性质主语的特征或
19、性质，这时需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerousThis question is easy to answer.这个问题容易回答。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语二、分词作状语二、分词作状语1.分词作状语时其形式形式的选择形式形式意义意义v.-ing(doing)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动主动关系，与句子谓语动词动作同时同时发生，
20、或基本上同时基本上同时发生Eg.Having dinner,she told me a story.having+v.-ed(having done)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动主动关系，先于先于谓语动词动作发生Eg.Having learned French for many years,now he can live in France alone.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语二、分词作状语二、分词作状语1.分词作状语时其形式形式的选择形式形式意义意义v.-ed(done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动被动关系，表完成完成Eg.Seen from the mountain top,our vil
21、lage is really beautiful.being+v.-ed(being done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动被动关系，且与谓语动词动作同同时时发生Eg.Being barbecued,the meat cant be eaten now.having been+v.-ed(having been done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动被动关系，且先于先于谓语动词动作发生Eg.Having been told many times,he finally understood it.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语二、分词作状语二、分词作状语2.分词作状语的句法功能形式形式意义意义时间状语
22、时间状语Seeing from the top of the hill,we can see the park clearly.原因状语原因状语Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened of it.条件状语条件状语Turning right,you will find the station.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语二、分词作状语二、分词作状语2.分词作状语的句法功能形式形式意义意义结果状语结果状语He died,leaving nothing for his wife.让步状语让步状语Having failed many tim
23、es,he didnt lose heart.伴随状语伴随状语She came in the room,followed by her husband.非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语三、独立成分作状语三、独立成分作状语定义定义常见的独立成分常见的独立成分例句例句有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择其形式的选择不受上下文的影响不受上下文的影响，被称为独立成分generally speaking一般来说frankly speaking 坦白地说judging from/by.根据来判断considering./taking.intoconsideration 考虑到to tell you t
24、he truth 说实话compared to/with与相比Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong.从他的口音判断，他是香港人。To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语三、独立成分作状语三、独立成分作状语定义定义常见的独立成分常见的独立成分例句例句有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择其形式的选择不受上下文的影响不受上下文的影响，被称为独立成分generally speaking一般来说frankly speaking 坦白地说judging fr
25、om/by.根据来判断considering./taking.intoconsideration 考虑到to tell you the truth 说实话compared to/with与相比Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong.从他的口音判断，他是香港人。To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语三、独立主格结构三、独立主格结构1.独立主格结构的定义：独立主格结构的定义：非谓语动词作状语状语时，其逻辑主语逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致一致。但有时非谓语
26、动词带有自己的逻辑主语自己的逻辑主语，并在句子中作状语状语，我们称之为独立主格结构独立主格结构。非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语三、独立主格结构三、独立主格结构2.独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同主语不同，它独立存在独立存在；Eg.Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.独立主格结构中作逻辑主语逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定分词或不定式式是逻辑上的主动或被动主动或被动关系；Eg.The test finished,we began our holiday.一般用逗号逗号把独
27、立主格结构与句子主干分开。非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语三、独立主格结构三、独立主格结构3.独立主格结构的构成：独立主格结构的构成：名词代词分词；Eg.Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.名词代词不定式；Eg.The four of us agreed on a division of labor,each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式。Eg.With a boy leading the
28、 way,they started towards the village.由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。技巧点拨技巧点拨非谓语动非谓语动词作状语词作状语主语与提示主语与提示词为逻辑上词为逻辑上的的被动被动关系关系表示动作还未还未发生-to be done表示动作已经已经发生-done表示动作正在进行正在进行-being done主语与提示主语与提示词为逻辑上词为逻辑上的的主动主动关系关系to do-目的，结果，原因doing-时间，条件，原因，让步，伴随，结果(非意外)only to do-意料之外练习：非谓语作状语练习：非谓语作状语1.Anxiously,she took the
29、 dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didnt fit.2.(spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong,Linda appears maturer than those of her age.3.(attract)by the beauty of nature,the girl decided to spend another two days on the farm.4.They are easy (care)for and make great
30、presents.5.(receive)a reply,he decided to call her.没有收到回复，他决定打给她。6.The work (do),we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。7.The man felt very happy with so many children (sit)around him.to findHaving spentAttractedto care在“主语系动词表主语系动词表语语(形容词形容词)+to do”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动被动关系，且形容词表示主语的特征主语的特征或性质性质，这时需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意主动形式表示被动意义义Eg.This book is difficult to understand.Not having receiveddonesitting
