1、ffiilrffit#2015 seEffitffif;E#ffii*#(A)#fiFlH,2s7SE(:rl),SiI,100 i|SifrFJfEl 3 zJFfMrnH,IMtReading Comprehension45IIVocabulary&Structurel5IIICloze3wProofreading&Error CorrectionVTtanslationl5VIilriting15Part I.Reading Comprehension(lJrffi t.5 tl,*45 r|)Directions:There are 6 passages in this section
2、.Each passage is followed by some questians.Foreach ofthem there are fotr choices marked A),B),C),and D).You should decide on the bestchoice andwrite the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1I hear many parents complain that their teenage children are rebelling.I wish it were so.Atyour
3、age you ought to be growing away from your paronts,You should be leaming to stand onyour own feet.But take a good look at the present rebellion.It seems ttrat teenagers are all takingthe same way of showing that they disagree with their parents.Instead of striling out boldly ontheir own.mosl o-them
4、are holding one anothErs.hands for reassurance.They claim they want to dress as they please.But they all wear the same clothes.They set offin new directions in music.But they all end up listening to the same record.Their reason forthinking or acting in such a way is that the crowd is doing it.They h
5、ave come out of their cocooninto a larger cocoon.It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and togo his or her own way.Industry has firmly carved out a market for teenagers.These days everyteenager can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should
6、have and be.This is a greatbarrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path,But the barrier is worth climbing over.The path is worth following.You may wantto listen toclassical music instead of going to a party.You may want to collect rocks when everyone else iscollecting records.You m
7、ay have some thoughts that you dont care to share at once with yourclassmates.Well,go to it.Find yourself.Be yourself,Popularity will come-with the people whorespeot you for who you are,Thats xhe only kind of popularity that really counts.L The authors purpose in writing this passage is to tellA.rea
8、ders how to be popular with poople aroundB,teenagers how to learn to make a decision for themselvesC.parents how to control and guide their childrenD,people how to understand and respect each other2.According to the author,many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on their own,but infact mos
9、t of thems*E&trffir,a.i*#lnffiffirn(*124)A.have much difficulty understanding each otherB.have trouble respecting each otherC.dare not cope with any problems aloneD.are very much afraid of getting lost3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A.There is no popularity that really
10、counts,B.Many parents think that their children are challenging their authority,c.It is not necessarily bad for a teenager to disagree with his or her classmates.D.Most teenagers are actually doing the same.4.The author thinks of advertisements as to teenagers.A.inevitableB.infiuentialC.instructiveD
11、,attractive5.The main idea of the last paragraph is that a teenager shouldA.diftbr from others in as many ways as possibleB.become popular with othersC.find his real selfD.rebel against his parent and the popularity wavePassage 2There is oge difference betwegn.thg sexes on which virtually everlz oxp
12、ert3nd study ageg:men ar.p more aggressive tharl wome&It shows up in Z.year-olds.It continues through schooldays and persists into adulthood.It is even constant across cultures.And there is little doubt that itis rooted in biology in the male sex homrone testosterone.If theres a feminine trait thats
13、 the counterpart of male aggressiveness,its what socialscientists awkwardly refer to as nurtuxance.Feminists have argued that the nurfuring nature ofwomen is not biological in origin,but rather has been drumrned into women by a society thatwanted to keep them in the home.But the signs that it is at
14、least partly inbom are too numerous toignore.Just as tiny infant girls respond more readily 1o human faces,female toddlers learn muchfaster than males how to pick up nonverbal cues from others.And grown women are far moreadept than men at interpreting tbcial expressions:A recent sfudy by University
15、of Pennsylvaniabrain researcher Ru-ben Gur showed that they easily read emotions such as anger,sadness andfear.The only such emotion men could pick up was disgust,What difference do such differences make in the real world?Among other things,womenappear to be somewhat less competitive-or at least com
16、petitive in different ways-than men.At the Harvard Law School,for instance,female sfudents enter with medentials just as outstandingas those of their male peers.But they dont quali$for the prestigious Law Review inproportionate numberso a fact some school officials attribute to womenrs discomfort in
17、 theincredibly oompetitive afrnosphere.Students of management styles have found fewer differences than they expected betweenmen and women who reach leadership positions,perhaps because many successful womendeliberately imitate masculine ways.But an analysis by Purdue social psychologist Alice Eagly
18、of166 studies of leadership style did frnd one consistent difference:Men tend to be more6#5affiffit,5AiS6r7EtrF,2n(xnfr.)autocratic*making decisions on their own*while women tend to consult colleagues andsubordinates more often.Studies of behavior in small groups turn up even more differences.Menwil
19、l typicalty dominate the discussion,says University of Toronto psychologist Kenneth Dionspending more time talking and less time listening.6.The passage mainly discusses-.A.how sex differences are demonstrated in social relationsB.how hormone determines sex differencesC.why there are differences bet
20、ween males and femalesD.why men and women have different social roles7.Which of the following is TRUE of womens nurturing nature according to the passage?A.It is not inbom in any sense.B.It is inspired by womens families.C.It is caused by social prejudice.D.It is partly biological in origin.8.The Ha
21、rvard Law School example in paragraph 3 suggests that-.A.women are not as competitive as menB.law is not the right profession for womenC.women are as excellent as men when they are youllgD.academic credentials are disproportionate to perfonnance9.Which of the following statement is TRUE according to
22、 paragraph 4?A.Men leaders should consult colleagues and subordinates more often.B.Female leaderssusce$s is due to their imitating male leaders.C.Men and women are different in their leadership styleD.Decisiveness is an important qualrty for a successful politician.10.It can be infened from the pass
23、age that the witer-.A.denies the difference sexes make in real lifeB.is prejudiced against menC.discourages women to be competitiveD.treats sex difference objectivelyPassage 3affect motivatigr.r and creatiyitv.Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and theirconsequences,argue that rewar
24、ds can improve performance at work and school.Cognitiveresearchers,who stuy various aspects of mental life,maintain that rewards often destroycreativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters,especially among educators But the careful u
25、seof small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children,suggesting that properlypresented inducements indeed aid inventivenesso according to a study in the lutrc Joumal ofP ers onality and Social P sycholagt.,If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively chall
26、enging task,they show the most creativity,says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.,But its easy to kill creativity by givrng rewards for poor performanoe or creating too muchanticipation for rewards.sfrgaffirftr,ffi*6t.n*ffi3fr.(*12F)A teacher who continually draws attention
27、to rewards or who hands out high grades forordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students,Eisenberger holds.As an example of thelatter point,he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restorefailing grades.In eadier gmdes,the use of so-called token economi
28、es,in which students handle challengingproblems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards,shows promise in raisingeffort and creativity,the Delaware psychologist claims.11.Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes towardA.the choice between spiritual encouragement and
29、 monetary rewardsB.the amount of monetary rewards for studentcreativityC.the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD.the effects of extemal rewards on sfudentsperformance12.What is the response of ma:ry educators to extemal rewards for their students?A.They have no doubts about
30、 them.B.They have doubts about them.C.They approve of them.D.They avoid talking about them,13.Which of the following can best raise students creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?A,Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.B,Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness,C.Giving t
31、hem rewards they reaily deserve.D.Giving them rewards they anticipate.14.It can be infened from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their gradingstandards because they believeA.rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB.punishment is more eflective than rew
32、ardingC.failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD.discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency15.The phrase token economies(Para.5)probably refers to_.A.ways to develop economyB.systems of rewarding studentsC.approaches to solving p
33、roblemsD.methods of improving performancePassage 4A pslrcholoeic4l issue thAt began to be discussgd in thE!950s.was the question ofJhe mostappropriate age for second language learning.The ability of young children to leam languageeasily had,from time to time,been noted in psychological literature.Bu
34、t in the 1950s it was theview of Penfield,a medical doctor at McGill University in Montreal,which aroused widespreadatlention.Partly on the basis of his scientific work as s surgeon and partly on his personalconviction,Penfield put forward the idea that childhood years offered a biological favorable
35、 stagefor second language learning,and he recornmended that the childhood years should be used moreintensively for language training.This viewpoint,shared by a growing number of teachers,specialists,and the general public,demonstrated itself in the introduction of language teaching inERE&HffiffiI,&i
36、fr&TTffffi4fr.(*12F)the early years of schooling in several countries.The debate on this controversial issue has goneon ever since,and in spite of experimentation,some research,and endless theoreticalargumentation,the issue of the best age for language leaming has remained unresolved even manyyears
37、after Fenfields challenge had opened up the debate.The need for a more systematic psychological research on language leaming was fullyrecognized and clearly expressed by Canoll in the l950sr We are fundamentally ignorant of thepsychology of language learning.Canol believed that educational psycholog
38、y might providehelpful answers to pedagory(the study of teaching methods)by carrying out research on specificquestions of language leaming,for example:Should sorinds and meanings be presented at thesame time or one after the other?oo Can meanings be presented just as well by verbal definitionsas by
39、pictures and concrete materials?oHow can the transfer from speaking and understanding toreading be facilitated?IJnder what conditions does the use of native language delay or facilitateleaming?When do linguistic explanations facilitate leaming?At what rate can new materialsbe introduced?Following up
40、 these and similar questions,Carroll and some of his students beganto investigate a few of them.One of the most notable inquiries of that time was Carrolls ownattempt,in collaboration with a professor of Spanish,to develop a new language aptitude testAround the same time,studies on the social psycho
41、logy of language learning were initiated byanother professor and his students at McGill University in Montreal.From about 1960,in thecontext of emerging followers of psycholinguistics,there was a growing interest in studyingsecond language learning from a psychological perspective.16.Penfields viewp
42、oint was met with muchA.interestB.controversyC.complimentsD,encouragement17.According to the paragraph 1,what has been unsettled about language learning is-.A.the way of providing Penfields suggestionsB.the theoretical value of Penfields argumentC.the intensity of language fraining programsD,the bes
43、t age for second language leaming18.Carrolls statement cited in Line?-3,paragrapM shows-.A the absence of a proper understanding in the nature of language leamingB.his anxiety over the situation in the studies of language leamingC the necessity for psychological research on language learningD.his pr
44、omise of what he cculd offler for psycholinguistic studies.19.It can be infened from the text that prior to 1960_,A.only two scientists studied psycholinguisticsB.psycholinguistios eqjoyed little popularityC.Monheal was the center of psychological studiesD.most studies focused on psychology of learn
45、ing20.The text is mainly about_.A.the Penfields contibutions to psycholinguisticsB.the psychological studies on language learning in the 1950sC,Carrolls studies on the hypothesis put forward by Penfield.sRq&#ruffir,gEifr#tfitrffi5m(xnn)D.the influence of language learning on psychologioal studiesPas
46、sage 5One day in Juruary 1913 G.H,Hardy,a famous Cambridge University mathematicianreceived a letter from an Indian named Srinivasa Ramanujan asking him for his opinion of 120mathematical theorems that Ramanujan said he had discovered.To Hardy,many of the theoremsmade no sense.Of the others,one or t
47、wo were already well-known,Ramanujan must be somekind of trickplayer,Hardy decided,and put the letter aside.But all that day the letter kept hanginground Hardy.Might there be something in those wildJooking theorems?That evening Hardy invited another brilliant Cambridge mathematician,J.E.Littlewood,a
48、ndthe fwo men set out to assess the indians worth.That incident was a furning point in the history ofmathematics.At the time,Ramanujan was an obscure Madras Port Trust clerk.A little more than a yearlater,he was at Cambridge University,and beginning to be recognized as one of the most amazingrnathem
49、aticians the world has ever known.Though he died in 192A,much of his work was so farin advance of his time that only in reoent years is it beginning to be properly understood.Indeed,his results are helping solve todays problems in oomputer science and physics,problems that he could have had no notio
50、n of.For Indians,moreover,Ramanujan has a special significance.Ramariuian.tho.lrgh bom ingor and ill-paid accoqr_rtants family 100 years asq,has inspired-many Indians to adoPtmathematics as career,Much of Ramanujans work is in number theory a branch of mathematics that deals with thesubtle laws and
