1、The Origination and The Origination and Development of TCMDevelopment of TCMFeng Chong-lianFeng Chong-lianThe 2The 2n dn d Peoples Hospital of Peoples Hospital of GuangzhouGuangzhou中医学的起源与发展冯崇廉 中国中医药学会广州分会常务理事 广州中西医结合专业委员会副主广州市第二人民医院主任中医师 广州医学院硕士研究生导师 广州医学院学报编委 Mao Ze-dong,The Chairmanof P.R.China s
2、aid:TraditionalChinese Medicine andPharmacology are a greattreasure-house,and effortsshould be made to explorethem and raise them to ahigher level.中华人民共和国主席毛泽东中华人民共和国主席毛泽东说：说：“祖国医药学是一个伟大的“祖国医药学是一个伟大的宝库，应当努力挖掘，加以提宝库，应当努力挖掘，加以提高”。高”。Jiang Ze-min,the Generalsecretary of CCCP(the centralcommittee of the
3、 communistparty of China)said:We shoulddevelop Traditional ChineseMedicine,and put the equal stresson TCM and western medicine.中国中央总书记江泽民中国中央总书记江泽民说：说：“中西医并重，发展中医“中西医并重，发展中医药”。药”。Wuyi,vice-premier andconcurrently minister ofthe Public Health Ministryof China said:the National Chinese Medicineand Pha
4、rmacology are thesystemic scientific theory andthe special methods of diagnosisand treatment,which arise fromthe experience accumulated bythe Chinese people in theirstruggle against disease over along period of time.TCM is the condensation ofthe superb wisdom of theChinese nation.It is theexcellent
5、traditional culture ofChinese nation and thespeciality and the superiority inhygienic undertakings of ourcountry.国务院副总理兼卫生部长国务院副总理兼卫生部长吴仪说：吴仪说：“中医药学是我国人民“中医药学是我国人民在长期的劳动、实践和与疾病在长期的劳动、实践和与疾病斗争的经验积累中逐步形成的斗争的经验积累中逐步形成的独特而系统的科学理论和诊疗独特而系统的科学理论和诊疗方法，凝聚着中华民族的优秀方法，凝聚着中华民族的优秀传统文化，是我国卫生事业的传统文化，是我国卫生事业的特色和优势。”
6、特色和优势。”As the aspiration of mankindfor coming back to the matureincrease,the natural medicineand the traditional therapy arenow arising and being beepdevelopment quite well.TheTCM has been spread to theworld of about 120 countries anddistricts,and has been givenwarm welcome by the people allover the
7、 world.随着人类回归大自然愿望随着人类回归大自然愿望的增强，以及崇尚天然药物和的增强，以及崇尚天然药物和传统疗法的兴起，中医药发展传统疗法的兴起，中医药发展方兴未艾，并已经传播到世界方兴未艾，并已经传播到世界120 多个国家和地区，受到各多个国家和地区，受到各国人民的欢迎。国人民的欢迎。Since the foundation of newChina,The government of ourcountry and the central committeeof our party have put a high stresson the development of TCM.Tokee
8、p it consistent developing hasbeen written down into“theConstitution of the PeoplesRepublic of China”,and this is thelegal basis provided for thedevelopment of TCM.新中国成立以来，党和国新中国成立以来，党和国家高度重视中医药事业的发家高度重视中医药事业的发展。我国将发展传统医药写入展。我国将发展传统医药写入中华人民共和国宪法，为中华人民共和国宪法，为中医药的发展提供了根本的法中医药的发展提供了根本的法律依据。律依据。Till 200
9、2,there have been 2864TCM hospitals above the levelof county in our country,thatinclude the hospitals of TCMcombined with westernmedicine and the hospitals ofnational medicine,and it owns270,000 ward-beds in thesehospitals.In addition,the departmentsfor TCM and TCM combinedwith western medicine orna
10、tional medicine have beenestablished in most synthetichospitals.截至截至 2002 年底，全国共有年底，全国共有县及县以上中医医院县及县以上中医医院（包括中西（包括中西医结合和民族医医院）医结合和民族医医院）2864 所，所，病床病床 27 万张，绝大多数综合医万张，绝大多数综合医院也都设有中医、中西医结合或院也都设有中医、中西医结合或民族医科。民族医科。The outpatient serviceamount of TCM accounts fora quarter of the totaloutpatient service
11、quantity inour country.中医门诊服务量约占中医门诊服务量约占门诊服务总量的门诊服务总量的 1/4。There are more than 270,000practitioners for TCM andmedicinal herbs throughout thecountry,this constitutes thesystem of treatment,teachingand scientific research.TheTCM has paid an important rolein preventing and treatingdiseases and improv
12、ing thehealth level of the broad masses.中医执业医师中医执业医师（含助理医（含助理医师）、执业中药师师）、执业中药师 27 万余人，万余人，基本形成了中医药的医疗、教基本形成了中医药的医疗、教学、科研体系、为防病治病，学、科研体系、为防病治病，提高广大人民群众健康水平发提高广大人民群众健康水平发挥了十分重要的作用。挥了十分重要的作用。In order to understandthe TCM better,letsreview the course of theorigination and thedevelopment of TCM.为了更好的理解传统
13、为了更好的理解传统中医药学，有必要了解中中医药学，有必要了解中医药学的起源和发展过医药学的起源和发展过程。程。The sun has undergone 6billion years since theformation of the solarsystem,and now the sunis being in its middleage.The earth is a memberof the family of solarsystem.It has been about4.5 billion years sincethe earth being existent.自从太阳系形成以后，太自从太
14、阳系形成以后，太阳大约已经经历了阳大约已经经历了 60 亿年的亿年的岁月。目前的太阳，正处于它岁月。目前的太阳，正处于它的中年期。地球是太阳系大家的中年期。地球是太阳系大家庭中的一个成员。地球的历史庭中的一个成员。地球的历史大约有大约有 45 亿年。亿年。The earth is the mother ofmankind.It is estimated thatthe original organisms hademerged sine 4 billion yearsbefore,after that they hadundergone constant change anddevelopme
15、nt for a long periodof time.And then the ancientape appeared gradually.地球是人类的母亲。地球是人类的母亲。原始生命估计出现在距今原始生命估计出现在距今40 亿年以前，后来又经过亿年以前，后来又经过长期的不断发展变化，才长期的不断发展变化，才逐渐演化出古代猿类。逐渐演化出古代猿类。The mankind is evolvedfrom the ancient ape.Havingundergone evolution for arather long period of time,the mankind appeared ab
16、out10 million years ago.人类是由古猿转变而人类是由古猿转变而来的，人类的形成经过了来的，人类的形成经过了极其漫长的历史过程，距极其漫长的历史过程，距今约有一千万年。今约有一千万年。The earth has never been calmsince it had come into being.Theexistence of mankind has beenbeing threatened all the timebecause of the fierce changes suchas thunder,lightning,windstorm,rain,ice,hail,
17、cold,hot,volcaniceruption etc,especially thecontinuously war and thespreading of pestilence(fatalepidemic disease)accompaniedwith the emerging of the humanbeing.地球从它产生到现在，很不地球从它产生到现在，很不平静、很不安宁，时有雷、电、平静、很不安宁，时有雷、电、风、雨、冰、雹、寒暑、地震、风、雨、冰、雹、寒暑、地震、火山突然爆发等激烈的变化，时火山突然爆发等激烈的变化，时刻威胁着人类的生存。尤其是地刻威胁着人类的生存。尤其是地球自有
18、人类以来，由于不断的战球自有人类以来，由于不断的战争、恶疫的蔓延，时刻威胁着人争、恶疫的蔓延，时刻威胁着人类的健康与生命安全。类的健康与生命安全。About 100 thousandyears ago,the chinaape evolved to the“ancient man”.About 5 thousand yearsago,the tribes lived alongthe Changjiang andHuanghe River valleycome into the period oftribal communities.大约在大约在 10 万年以前，中国万年以前，中国猿人逐渐发展
19、到猿人逐渐发展到“古人”阶段。“古人”阶段。大约从五千年前起，我国黄河、大约从五千年前起，我国黄河、长江流域的氏族部落，先后从母长江流域的氏族部落，先后从母系进入父系氏族公社时期。系进入父系氏族公社时期。The medical therapy arose fromthe experience that the people ofthe various nationalities of ourcountry had gathered in theirliving practice over a long periodof time.“The medical activityaccompanies
20、 the emergence ofmankind”,a scholar said.古代流传下来的医疗方法古代流传下来的医疗方法来自我国各族人民长期生活实来自我国各族人民长期生活实践的总结。践的总结。“自有人类以来，就“自有人类以来，就有医疗的活动”。有医疗的活动”。The invention of characteris an important event in thehistory of mankind.It is theimportant mark for cominginto the era of civilization.文字的发明是人类历文字的发明是人类历史上的重大事件，是进入史上
21、的重大事件，是进入文明 时代的 重要标志之文明 时代的 重要标志之一。一。China is one of the earliestcivilized countries developedin the world.In ShangDynasty(about 16 11century BC),China hadbeen a highly developedcivilizing country.中国是世界文明发达最早的中国是世界文明发达最早的国家之一。国家之一。从文字已经形成完整的体系从文字已经形成完整的体系来看当时的社会，商代不愧是一来看当时的社会，商代不愧是一个具有高度文明的王朝了。个具有高度
22、文明的王朝了。“Shan Hai Jing”is a bookwritten in warring states(475221 BC),in which variousknowledge having been recordedthat accumulated before.Theconditions of medical activitiesbefore Spring and AutumnPeriod(770476 BC)can befound out in it.山海经是战国时山海经是战国时期成书，保存了一部分以期成书，保存了一部分以前历代积累的知识，从中前历代积累的知识，从中能够了解春秋
23、时代治疗用能够了解春秋时代治疗用药的情况。药的情况。About 3 century BC,“HuangDi Nei Jing”,the first medicalbook which is still exist nowappeared in China.It is asymbol that at that time theChinese medicine haddeveloped to a rather highlevel.Many contents of principle inthe book are still suitable for theclinical practice tod
24、ay,such asthe theory of YiYang,WuXing,JingLuo as well as the concept ofViewing the Situation as a Wholeetc.The book has a high positionin the history of TCM.约在公元前三世纪出现了中约在公元前三世纪出现了中国第一部医书国第一部医书黄帝内经，这是黄帝内经，这是中国医学现存最早最完备的一部中国医学现存最早最完备的一部经典文献，它标志着当时中国医经典文献，它标志着当时中国医学已发展到较高水平学已发展到较高水平（世界领（世界领先），有若干原则性内容
25、到现在仍先），有若干原则性内容到现在仍旧适用，旧适用，（如阴阳学说、五行学（如阴阳学说、五行学说、经络学说、整体观念等）。它说、经络学说、整体观念等）。它在医学史上有崇高的地位。在医学史上有崇高的地位。A lot of herbal medicineknowledge had been obtainedby the Chinese people sincethe Western Zhou Dynasty(11 century771 BC),it hadbeen for 800 years developinghistory till Warring States(475221 BC).As t
26、he accumulationincreased,“ShenNongBenCao Jing”,the firsttreatise(monograph)onherbal medicine in ourcountry emerged.365 kinds of herbal medicinehad been recorded in the book.The records have been provedmostly correct,and most ofthem have been provedefficacious according tomodern scientific research a
27、ndlong period clinical practice.从西周开始人民已经获得许从西周开始人民已经获得许多药物知识，到战国时代已经有多药物知识，到战国时代已经有八百年的发展历史，积累的不断八百年的发展历史，积累的不断增加，从而产生了战国第一部药增加，从而产生了战国第一部药物学专著物学专著神农本草经。本神农本草经。本书载药物书载药物 365 种，其中多数药物种，其中多数药物经过现代科学研究和长期临证实经过现代科学研究和长期临证实践证明书中所记载的药效大多是践证明书中所记载的药效大多是正确的。正确的。By the end of Eastern HanDynasty(25220 AD),Zh
28、angZhong-jing,a famous scientistof TCM,summarized theexperience of clinical medicineof Han Dynasty(206 BC220AD),and then he compiled a bigwork“ShangHan ZaBingLun”,the first medical bookthat from theory to practice,which established the basicprinciple of clinical medicineof TCM,the BianZhenLunZhi(pla
29、nning treatmentaccording to diagnosis).东汉末年，南阳张仲景（公东汉末年，南阳张仲景（公元元 150-219 年）博览群书，总结年）博览群书，总结了先秦西汉以来的临证医学经了先秦西汉以来的临证医学经验，写成了我国第一部由理论验，写成了我国第一部由理论到实践的医学名著到实践的医学名著伤寒伤寒杂病论，奠定了辨证论治的中杂病论，奠定了辨证论治的中医临床学基本原则。医临床学基本原则。Hua Tuo(?208 AD).Theprominent TCM doctor inThree Kingdom Dynasty(220280 AD),is the earliests
30、urgeon recorded in ourcountry and also in the world.The greatest contribution he hasmade is that he invented theanaesthetic“Ma Fu San”andwas success in performing theabdominal operation.三国时期杰出医学家华佗三国时期杰出医学家华佗（?公元公元 208 年）是我国史书年）是我国史书记载最早的外科专家。他的伟记载最早的外科专家。他的伟大贡献是发明了麻醉药大贡献是发明了麻醉药“麻沸“麻沸散”。并成功地进行了开腹手散”
31、。并成功地进行了开腹手术。术。“Lu Qin Jing”,writtenbetween Sui(581681 AD)and Tang(618907 AD)Dynasties is the earliestmedical treatise existed aboutpaediatrics 颅囟经是随唐之颅囟经是随唐之际出现的我国现存最早的际出现的我国现存最早的儿科专著。儿科专著。“JingXiao ChanBao”written by Zanyan inTang Dynasty is thefirst medical treatise ofobstetrics.The diagnosis and
32、 treatment forpregnancy,dystocia(difficulty indelivery),common diseases ofpostpartum(after delivery)aswell as the emergency treatmentof dizziness of postpartumhaemorrhage had been recountedin the book.唐唐 昝殷著昝殷著经效产宝是经效产宝是我国第一部产科专著，该书对妊我国第一部产科专著，该书对妊娠、难产、产后常见病的诊断和娠、难产、产后常见病的诊断和治疗以及血晕的急救法均作了简治疗以及血晕的急救法
33、均作了简要论述。要论述。In Tang Dynasty(618907AD).The book“XinShouLiShang XuDuan MiFang”Written by Lian Daoren,isthe earliest medical treatiseexisted about traumatology.The dealing step and treatingmethod for fracture had beenrecounted in the book.唐代蔺道人著唐代蔺道人著仙受理伤仙受理伤续断秘方是我国现存最早的续断秘方是我国现存最早的一部很有科学价值的伤科专一部很有科学价值
34、的伤科专著，主要叙述了关于骨折的处著，主要叙述了关于骨折的处理步骤与治疗方法。理步骤与治疗方法。“YinShan ZhengYao”written by Hu Sihui inYuan Dynasty(12711368AD)is the first completemedical monograph of diettherapy.公元公元 1279 年蒙古灭宋建立了元朝。元代的年蒙古灭宋建立了元朝。元代的统治带有很大的掠夺性和破坏性，而且由于蒙统治带有很大的掠夺性和破坏性，而且由于蒙古贵族的经济文化远远落后于宋代，把他们原古贵族的经济文化远远落后于宋代，把他们原有落后的奴隶社会的生产方式强加于
35、各族人有落后的奴隶社会的生产方式强加于各族人民，致使已经发展起来的封建经济遭到了严重民，致使已经发展起来的封建经济遭到了严重破坏。破坏。元元 忽思慧著忽思慧著饮膳正要是现存的中国第饮膳正要是现存的中国第一部完整的食疗专著。一部完整的食疗专著。“ShiYi DeXiao Fang”written by Wei Yilin in yuanDynasty is the firstmonograph of orthopaedicsin our country.元元 危亦林著危亦林著世医得世医得效方效方（公元（公元 1337 年）是中年）是中国第一部骨科专著。国第一部骨科专著。In time of Ji
36、n and YuanDynasties(11151368 AD),there were four TCMschools emerged.金元时期医学产生四金元时期医学产生四大门派，史称大门派，史称“金元四大“金元四大家”。家”。The first was the“cold andcool”school(寒寒 凉凉 派派),represented by the famousTCM expert Liu Wansu,who was well-known for hisexcellence of using themedicinal herbs with coldand cool propertie
37、s(寒寒凉凉药药).1、刘完素创：寒凉派刘完素创：寒凉派 The second was the“purgingschool”(攻下派攻下派),representedby the famous TCM expertZhang Congzheng,who waswell-known for using thepurgatives(泻药泻药)，diaphoretic(发汗药发汗药)and emetic(催吐药催吐药).2、张张从从正正创创：攻攻下下派派 the third was the“Earth-nourishing school”(补土派补土派),represented by the famo
38、usTCM expert Li Dongyuan,who was well-known forusing the methods ofnourishing the spleen andstomach.3、李李东东垣垣创创：补补土土派派 The last was the“Yin-nourishing school”(滋阴派滋阴派),represented by the famousTCM expert Zhu Danxi,whowas well-known for using themethods of nourishing Yinand relieving fire(滋阴降火滋阴降火).4、朱
39、朱震震亨亨创创：滋滋阴阴派派 In Ming Dynasty(13681644 AD).“BenCaoGangMu”(compendium ofmateria medica),writtenby Li Shizhen,was a well-known monograph onherbal medicine.1892 kinds of medicinalherbs were recounted in thebook,and it had beentranslated into many foreignlanguage and spread all overthe world since its
40、printed.The book had a properposition in the history of theworld science.明明 李李时时珍珍著著本本草草纲纲目目（公公元元 1578 年年）。历历时时 30 年年，载载药药 1892 种种，把把药药物物分分成成十十六六部部，这这 种种 分分 类类 方方法法 眉眉 目目 分分 明明。本本 草草 纲纲 目目 出出版版 后后 不不 久久 即即 传传到到 国国 外外，被被 翻翻 译译成成 多多 种种 语语 言言，该该 书书 在在 世世 界界 科科 学学史史 上上 有有 一一 定定 的的地地位位。In Ming and Qing D
41、ynasties(13681911 AD),the greatestachievement in clinical medicinewas the recognizing,the treatingand the preventing for theinfectious diseases,anddeveloped the Wen Bing Theory(温病学说温病学说),a new brand of theTCM,which was chiefly dealingwith the“disease with fever”.And the four famousTCM experts in Wen
42、 Bingschool were Yie Tianshi,Xue Shengbai,Wu Jutongand Wang Mengying inQing Dynasty.明清时期临证医学最大成明清时期临证医学最大成就，就是对传染病的认识、治疗就，就是对传染病的认识、治疗与预防，发展了中医学新的临床与预防，发展了中医学新的临床学科温病学。温病是多种热学科温病学。温病是多种热性病的总称。清代著名的温病学性病的总称。清代著名的温病学家有叶天土家有叶天土（著（著温热论）、薛温热论）、薛生白生白（著（著湿温条辨）、吴鞠通湿温条辨）、吴鞠通（著（著温病条辨）、王孟英温病条辨）、王孟英（著（著温热经纬）等。温
43、热经纬）等。In late Qing Dynasty till theRepublic of China(19121949AD),some scholars advocatedcombining the TCM with thewestern medicine,representedby Zhang Xichun,with themonograph of“YiXueZhongZhong CanXi Lu”,etc.近代有学者主张中西医近代有学者主张中西医结合，出现了汇通学派，代结合，出现了汇通学派，代表人物有张锡钝表人物有张锡钝（著（著医学医学衷中参西录）等。衷中参西录）等。The ancie
44、nt codes andrecords of TCM are vast andnumerous with substantialcontent.And now thecountries all over the worldpay an important attentionto The TCM,and the herbalmedicine being regarded as“green medicine”,with theadvantage of less side effect.中医典籍中医典籍“浩如烟海，汗“浩如烟海，汗中充栋”，目前世界各国十分中充栋”，目前世界各国十分重视对中草药的研究
45、和临床应重视对中草药的研究和临床应用，一般认为中药是用，一般认为中药是“绿色药“绿色药品”，具有毒副作用少的优点。品”，具有毒副作用少的优点。In recent years,the CCCP ofChina has formulated a policythat“the three forces as theTCM,the combination of TCMwith western medicine andwestern medicine should bedeveloped coordinately andcoexisted for a long time”.Its pointed out the wayfor the medical developmentin our country.The TCMhas a broad prospect fordevelopment.近年中央又制定了近年中央又制定了“中“中医、西医、中西医结合三支力医、西医、中西医结合三支力量都要发展、长期并存”的方量都要发展、长期并存”的方针，为我国今后的医学发展指针，为我国今后的医学发展指明了方向。我国的中医药学业明了方向。我国的中医药学业具有广阔的发展前景。具有广阔的发展前景。
