1、英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门(下册）下册）The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries An Introduction(Book Two)CanadaUnit 19 The Canadian Mosaic Welcome to Canada Bienvenue au CanadaQuiz Give the English and a brief explanation for the following:1 马赛克文化 2 多元文化主义 3 第一民族/原住民 4 梅蒂斯人 5 法裔加拿大人Focal Po
2、ints the Canadian mosaic multiculturalism the First Nations the Inuit the Metis immigration policy of Canada Immigration Act 1976 Quebec and French CanadiansThis Unit Is Divided into Four SectionsI.The First CanadiansII.The SettlersIII.French CanadiansIV.The Story of a CanadianOverviewAmerican“melti
3、ng pot”-immigrants coming to the new country of the US and throwing off their old customs,languages and traditions in favour of becoming“American”Canadian“mosaic”-immigrants do not throw off their customs and ways of life but adapted them to the new environment,thus resembles a mosaic of different c
4、ultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other Origin:the debate on bilingualism and biculturalism in the 1960s;a Royal Commission examined relations between French and English Canada;other ethnic communities demanded that their heritages also be acknowledged.Definition:“a multicultural socie
5、ty within a bilingual framework”;government provided money to help different ethnic groups retain their identities.Multiculturalism Multiculturalism VS Canadian“national identity”?-this patchwork quilt of different nationalities and communities is central to Canadas national identity I.The First Nat
6、ionsWhat about the names?1.The old name of“Indians”mistakenly called by Columbus,now discarded2.“The First Nations”first original inhabitantsnations many nations/tribes that have different languages,customs and beliefs*“The First Nations”does not include non-Indian peoples such as the Inuit or the M
7、tis.Population The First Nations now make up about 3.8%of the Canadian population,and their numbers are increasing due to high birthrates.The languages,beliefs,customs and activities of the First Nations varied according to where they lived.Coastal tribes fishing and huntingPrairie tribes nomads hun
8、ting buffalocentral and eastern tribes growing crops and hunting Tribal distributions at time of contactTwo other aboriginal groups1.The Inuit in the arctic area,hunting,carving and making handicrafts2.The Metis descendants of French fur traders and Indian women;involved in the fur trade Inuits buil
9、ding an iglooPast discriminations were coerced into signing treaties which allowed settlers to take over their land,and had been treated as second class Canadians for centuries were forced to live on reserves until 1961,were forbidden to vote or consume alcoholPresent problems Canadas poorest group
10、of people-income is less than half the Canadian average life expectancy is 10 years lower than the Canadian average infant mortality rate twice as high;vulnerable to diseases like tuberculosis suicide rate is the highest in the world Recent progress more politically active e.g.engaged in negotiating
11、 land claims with federal and provincial governments to have more control over their economic,social and political futures.The First Nations people took to the street for land claims II.The Settlers Canadas immigration policies have largely been determined by economic considerations and have followe
12、d the demands of the changing Canadian labour market.The 1890s-the 1920s The government encouraged farmers and miners from central and eastern Europe to settle the prairie provinces and develop the mining industry;and brought in Chinese labourers to help build the railroad.Chinese labourers working
13、at the Pacific Railway The Great Depression of the 1930s Canadas immigration market was closed to virtually everyone but Britons and Americans.After the WWII Canada opened its immigration door again but restrictions on Asians persisted and immigrants from Europe were given favorable policies.Largely
14、 due to immigration,the Canadian population increased from 13 million to 27 million between 1947 and 1991.Immigration policy is directed by both provincial and federal governments,and at time this has led to particular tensions -the case of Japanese Canadians in the WWIIJapanese Canadians were moved
15、 to interment camps east of the Rocky MountainsIn more recent years,the federal government has encouraged Asian immigration,created a new category of“entrepreneurial immigrants”and investor immigrants.Negative effects the case of Vancouver -drove up property prices,causing some resentment among esta
16、blished residents.-Cantonese or Mandarin Chinese are spoken rather than EnglishVancouver Chinatown Bilingual street signs in Vancouver One of the rich residential areasTrends of immigration policy Continue to encourage immigration -Canada has an aging population and a falling birthrate.It needs to e
17、ncourage immigration to ensure a strong work force and the tax base.Less racist than it used to be-Larger numbers of visible minorities immigrated to Canada.“Boat People”By the end of 1980,Canada had the highest per capita intake of Vietnamese refugees in the world,topping 60 000 Vietnamese,Cambodia
18、ns,and Laotians.The increase of visible minorities In recent years,the top four source countries of immigration to Canada were China,India,the Philippines and Pakistan.A citizenship ceremony in TorontoIII.French Canadians French Canadians in Quebec French Canadians outside QuebecBilingual signs in N
19、ew BrunswickFrench Canadians in QuebecFrench settlers established communities in the 1600s.About 81.4%of the population claim French as their mother tongue,but about 95%of Quebecers can speak French.Their linguistic and cultural heritage is threatened by the dominance of English Canada.Quebec City“D
20、istinct Society”Quebecois have been fighting for the independence of Quebec.They want to protect Quebecs“distinct society”.French Canadians Outside Quebec About one million French speakers live outside Quebec.They mainly are in provinces like Manitoba,Nova Scotia,and New Brunswick.The federal govern
21、ment offers programs and services to protect their language and culture.IV.The Story of a CanadianBeing a Canadian often means being a mix of different cultures and heritages.Even though Canada as a country is still very young,being a Canadian means having a lot of history.The Mennonites are members
22、 of a Protestant religious group that was formed during the Reformation in Europe.The Mennonites spread all over Europe to escape religious persecution.Questions for DiscussionA.How do you understand“multiculturalism”in Canada?B.What is the advantage of living in a multicultural society?Do you think multiculturalism is also a characteristic of China?C.Please comment on Canadas practical economic approach to immigration.Is it natural that people tend to accept more readily those who fit more easily into their society?D.Why is immigration an explosive political issue in Canada?
