1、第 1页共 12页英语一英语一一、名词一、名词 n.名词复数变化规则：不规则变化规则变化规则变化：S sh x ch 结尾加 es 辅音字母加 y 结尾 改 y 为 i 加 es 黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿和芒果+es第 2页共 12页 F fe 结尾的 讲 F fe 变 v 在加 es不规则变化：不规则变化：长官信仰房顶和悬崖是安全的港湾 男女脚步牙鹅，老鼠加虱婆 中日不变英法变，其余后面添 S 鱼鹿羊二、冠词二、冠词-A an the定冠词的基本用法定冠词的基本用法口诀：特指双熟悉，上文已提及，世上独无二，序数最高级，某些专有名，习语和乐器。零冠词零冠词口诀:代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数，学
2、科球类三餐饭，四季星期月份前，颜色语种和国名称呼习语和头衔。三、代词三、代词代词代词 pron.物主代词物主代词形容词性物主代词 my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性物主代词 mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词+名词名词=名词性物主代词名词性物主代词四、形容词四、形容词形容词后缀形容词后缀-ableacceptable-edcultured-iblehorrible-enwooden-alnational-erneastern-anAmerican-fulcareful-antpleasant-ca
3、lpolitical-entdependent-ingcharming-arsimilar-ishchildish-aryelementary-iveexpensive-lessaimless-likeladylike形容词顺序：形容词顺序：“美小圆旧黄美小圆旧黄,法国木书房法国木书房”五、副词五、副词副词后缀副词后缀-lyactually-ward(s)downward(s)-way(s)anyway-wisecrosswise形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级原级原级 相等时“as+原级+as”不等时“not so(as)+原级+as”倍数时“倍数+as+原级+as”比较级和最高
4、级比较级和最高级第 3页共 12页1.单音节以及少数双音节形容词和副词后,加-er,-est2.辅元辅和辅辅元辅结构的词双写最后一个字母,再加-er,-est3.以辅音字母加-y 结尾的形容词和副词,先把 y 变为 i,再加-er,-est4.多音节和大部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级前加 more,most5.下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的不规则构成old-older-oldest/elder-eldestfar-farther-farthest/further-furthestlittle-less-leastmany/much-more-mostbad/ill/badly-worse-
5、worstgood/well-better-best六、动词六、动词实义动词实义动词=普通动词实义动词有完整的词义，可以单独做谓语。及物动词(vt.)后面可以直接跟宾语。不及物动词(vi.):不及物动词后面要跟宾语，必须加上介词。系动词系动词=一小部分单词的特殊使用系动词后加 名词 形容词 动名词 副词口诀口诀:看起来看起来 闻起来闻起来 听起来听起来 感觉起来感觉起来总是总是 保持保持 三变。三变。look seem smell soundfeel be keep getturn become助动词助动词=时态和与语态中常用的单词助动词不能单独作谓语，必须和实义动词或连系动词的某种形式一起构
6、成谓语，常用的助动词有 do，be，have，shall(should)，will(would)等。助动词的作用助动词的作用(1)帮助构成各种时态I have finished my work before you arrived.(2)帮助构成被动语态Smoking is forbidden in the reading room.(3)帮助构成语气Do you go to school every day?(陈述语气的疑问句)情态动词情态动词=表示语气的单词常见的情态动词有：can,could,may,might,must,need,shall,should,will,would,ough
7、t to,dare 等。不能单独作谓语，后面加动词原形 do连系动词状态系动词be am,is,are,was,were持续系动词keep,remain,stay,lay,stand表像系动词seem,appear,look感官系动词feel,smell,sound,taste变化系动词become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run终止系动词prove,turn,out第 4页共 12页七七、不定式、不定式(1)一般式由“to+动词原形”构成，被动式：“to+be+动词的过去分词”时态：不强调具体时间(2)进行式由“to+be+动词的现在分词”构成，没有被动式。时态
8、：进行时态(3)完成式由“to+have+动词的过去分词”构成，被动式“to+have+been+动词的过去分词”时态：完成式(4)否定形式由“not+动词不定式”构成。八八、动名词、动名词动名词的构成(1)一般式由“动词原形+ing”构成，其被动式为“being+动词的过去分词”。时态：不强调具体时间。(2)完成式由“having+动词的过去分词”构成，其被动式为“having been+动词的过去分词”。时态：完成时态。(3)否定形式由“not+动名词”构成。动名词和不定时的区别动名词和不定时的区别【注意】1.下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义不同。forge
9、t to do sth.忘记做某事forget doing sth.忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth.记住要做某事remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth.遗憾要去做某事regret doing sth.后悔做过某事stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth停止做某事try to do sth.努力做某事try doing sth.尝试着做某事mean to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事go on to do sth.（做完某事）接着做另一件事go on d
10、oing sth.（=go on with sth.）继续做同一件事cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事第 5页共 12页2.在动词 want,need,require 和形容词 worth 后面用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。The house needs/wants repairing=The house needs/wants to be repaired.3.动名词：较抽象的一般行为不定式：具体某次行为，特别是将来的行为I dont like watching TV.(一般行为)I dont like to wat
11、ch TV tonight.(具体行为)九九、现在分词、现在分词 V+ing用法-主动,进行,令人(1)作定语e.g.Did you tell the boy playing on the ground not to make any noise?(2)作状语e.g.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,adding that he hadenjoyed his stay here.(3)作宾语补足语 e.g.Soon they could see the steam rising from the we
12、ll动词变现在分词规则动词变现在分词规则十、十、过去分词过去分词 V+ed用法-被动，完成，感到(1)作定语e.g.We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditionse.g.The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero(2)作表语e.g.The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday(3)作状语e.g.Written in a hurry,this article was not so go
13、od!第 6页共 12页(4)作宾语补足语e.g.He didnt wish it mentioned.动词变过去分词规则动词变过去分词规则十一、十一、there be 结构结构表示“某地或某时存在某物时”,常用“there+be+主语+地点/时间状语”结构。1.there be 的肯定结构e.g.There is a map on the wall.2.there be 的否定结构e.g.There isnt any milk in the cup.There were no buses there yesterday.3.there be 的疑问结构e.g.Are there any ap
14、ples in the basket?Yes,there are./No,there arent.4.there be 结构中 be 的替代词there be 结构中的 be 可用某些含有“存在”意义的其他动词代替。这些词有 exist,appear,enter,seem,be like to be(可能有),used to be(过去有),remain(还有)等。There remained just twenty-eight pounds.5.there be VS.havehave 强调“拥有”,there be 强调“存在”,只表示某地或某时存在某物，此物归谁所有,并没有说明。第 7页
15、共 12页e.g.There are 60 minutes in an hour.An ant has two stomachs in its body.十二、十二、陈述句陈述句陈述句否定式1)含有否定意义的词也可构成否定句。如1.no,hardly,never,little,seldom 等2.两者的全部否定 neithernor3.两者的部分否定 bothnotBoth(the)windows are not open.4.三者以上的全部否定 none,nothing,nobody,no one 等5.三者以上的部分否定 all,many,every+not2)某些句子中，按语意本应放在
16、that 从句中的否定词 not 被移到主句的谓语动词中，这种否定结构主要用于表示“相信”“臆测”等动词(如 believe,expect,imagine,suppose,think 等)。e.g.We dont believe that he can do it.I dont think it will be very cold today.十三、十三、疑问句疑问句十四、十四、感叹句感叹句用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情。感叹句有 how 和 what 开头两种形式。1.How 开头的感叹句How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语2.What 开头的感叹句 What(a)+(形容词)+名词+主语+谓语十
17、五、十五、主宾表从句基本格式主宾表从句基本格式一、that/whether/if+完整句子（if 只能引导宾语从句）eg 目前最要紧的是能否解决这个问题二、特殊疑问词+陈述语序句子第 8页共 12页eg 你想知道的都可以在书中找到十六、十六、宾语从句宾语从句直接引语变间接引语的方法：1)陈述句变为以 that 引导的宾语从句。e.g.He said,“Im very happy.”He said that he was very happy.2)一般疑问句变为 whether/if 引导的宾语从句e.g.He said,“Can you come this afternoon,John?”He
18、 asked whether John could come that afternoon.3)特殊疑问句变为由 who,what,when 等疑问词引导的宾语从句。e.g.He said,“Where is Mr.Wang?”He asked where Mr.Wang was.十七、十七、同位语从句基本格式同位语从句基本格式同位语=抽象名词+主宾表从句=抽象名词+引导词+同位语Eg.空气污染日益严重这个情况必须重视起来从句辨析从句辨析Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.Rawmaterialiswhatwearebadlyinneedof
19、.ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.Whethertheplanisfeasibleremainstobeproved.十八、十八、定语从句定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。基本格式：1.关系代词 thatwhichwhowhomwhose+不完整句子Its the only one that Ive left.2.关系副词 whenwherewhy+完整句子when where why=介词+whichThere are occasions when(on which)one must yield3.as 引导的定
20、语从句1)as 可引导限定性定语从句，构成 the sameas，suchas 等结构。2)as 也可引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句，此时，as 意为“正如”，“就像”e.g.As had been expected,he won a silver medal at the game.定语从句分析：Thedogthat/whichwontheraceisJohnsHeisamanwhoneverbreakshisword.Thisistheplacewherewehavelivedfor5years.Hehasjustcomebackfrom New York,whichisa ve
21、rybigcityin the United States第 9页共 12页十九、十九、状语从句状语从句状语从句在句子中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词或全句等。口诀状语从句有九种，时地原因条件比，目的结果方让步，连词引导各不同。主句通常前面走，连词引从紧随后。从句若在主前头，主从之间有个逗。从句形式为：副词连词+完整句子时间状语从句时间状语从句1.I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.引导时间状语从句的词有：when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until
22、,once,as soon as,hardlywhen,no soonerthan,the moment 等。2.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.在 no soonerthan,hardlywhen引导的从句中，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。如果 no sooner,hardly 位于句首，从句要倒装，把助动词 had 提到主语前面。e.g.Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.原因状语从句原因状语从句Now that everybod
23、y has come,lets begin our conference.原因状语从句常用 because,since,as,for,now that(既然),when(既然,由于)引导，主句不再用 so。地点状语从句地点状语从句Where there is no rain,farming is difficult or impossible.地点状语从句常用 where,wherever 引导。条件状语从句条件状语从句You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.条件状语从句用 if,unless(ifnot),as/so
24、long as(只要),suppose that,in case 等词引导。如果主句用一般将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时。让步状语从句让步状语从句No matter how hard he tried,she could not change her mind.让步状语从句由 although,though,as,even if,as though,however,whatever,no matter who/how,while 等词引导。结果状语从句结果状语从句This news is exciting,so that he jumped up.结果状语从句一般由 so,so that(以
25、致)，so/suchthat引导，位于主句之后。e.g.To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.目的状语从句目的状语从句The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.目的状语从句常用 so that,in order that 等引导，放在主句之后。意为“以便”、“为了”。e.g.He works hard in order that he can earn eno
26、ugh money.第 10页共 12页方式状语从句方式状语从句She behaved as if she were the boss.方式状语位于主句之后，用 as,just as,as if,as though 等引导。比较状语从句比较状语从句The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.比较状语从句常由 asas,than,not so(as)as,the morethe more等引导。从句部分常是省略句。二十、二十、时态时态一般时进行时完成时完成进行时过去didwere/was doinghad donehad been doing现
27、在Do/doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing将来will/shall dowill be doingwill have donewill have been doing过去将来would dowould be doingwould have donewould have been doing主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态否定式否定式一般现在时do/doesam/is/are donedo/does not一般过去时didwas/were donedid not一般将来时will/shall dowill be going to
28、 be donewill not do现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being doneam/is/are not doing过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being donewas/were not doing将来进行时will/shall be doingwill be going to be being donewill/shall not be doing现在完成时have/has donehave been donehave/has not done过去完成时had donehad been donehad not done将来完成时will/shall have donewill have been donewill/shall not have done第 11页共 12页第 12页共 12页
