1、Grammarsentences句子按其句子按其结构结构分，分，可分为以下三类：可分为以下三类：1)简单句简单句 Simple Sentence He was a little man.2)并列句并列句 Compound Sentence He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.3)复合句复合句 Complex Sentence He,who was Pauls Chemistry teacher,was a litt
2、le man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.句子按其句子按其用途用途分，分，可分为以下四类可分为以下四类 1)陈述句陈述句：用以陈述事实，用以陈述事实，分为分为肯定句肯定句和和否定句否定句 2)疑问句疑问句：用以提出问题，用以提出问题，分为分为 一般疑问一般疑问句句，特殊疑问句特殊疑问句，选择疑问句选择疑问句,和和反意疑问反意疑问句句 3)感叹句感叹句:用以表达喜怒哀乐等强烈的感情用以表达喜怒哀乐等强烈的感情 4)祈使句祈使句:用以表达请求用以表达
3、请求,命令命令,劝告或建议劝告或建议句子成份句子成份主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状插入语插入语同位语同位语主语主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east.He likes dancing.Twenty years is a short time in history.Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.What he needs is a book.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.句首（名词）（
4、动名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（主语从句主语从句）谓语谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态、特征说明主语的动作、状态、特征 I can learn English well.The baby is asleep.He fell in love.The guests have arrived.The sun is shining.动词或动词短语作谓语动词或动词短语作谓语(vt./vi./link-v.)时态、语态的变化时态、语态的变化宾语宾语(object)：动作的承受者(置于置于vt.或或prep.后后)Im watching TV.She looked at me and s
5、miled.He won the game.Tom lost his wife in the big fire.I like China.He hates you.How many do you need?We need two.I enjoy working with you.I hope to see you again.Did you write down what he said?He lent me a book yesterday.宾语宾语(object)：动作的承受者(置于置于vt.或或prep.后后)表语表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分系动词之后的成分，表示主语
6、的性质、状态和特征。表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher.Five and five is ten.He is asleep.His father is in.The picture is on the wall.My watch is gone/missing/lost.His dream is to be a doctor.The question is whether they will come.（名词）（数词）（形容词）（副词）（介词短语）（形容词化的分词）（不定式）（表语从句表语从句）定语定语(attributive)(attributive)：修饰或限制名词
7、或修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子代词的词、词组或句子。Ms Wu is an English teacher.He is my old friend.The first passenger to get on the bus was a woman.The man over there is my uncle.The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.You should do everything that I do.位置？位置？状语状语(adverbial)：用来修饰用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,或或 句子。句子。He runs
8、 quickly.It is very important.He works quite hard.Unluckily,he failed the exam.I will leave tomorrow.The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather.He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.状语状语(adverbial)：用来修饰用
9、来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,或或 句子。句子。I like you very much.If you study hard,you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike.Though he is young,he can do it well.表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。状语状语(adverbial)：用来修饰用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,或或 句子。句子。补语补语(complement)：对主语或宾语起对主语或宾语起补充说明作用补充说明作用 Cant you keep your bed clean?We
10、 elected him monitor.We found nobody in.Please make yourself at home.Dont let him do that.I told you not to be late.Dont keep the lights burning.Ill have my bike repaired.（形容词）（名词）(副词)(介词短语（省to不定式）（带to不定式）（现在分词）（过去分词）同位语同位语 在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语，对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。We stud
11、ents should study hard.We all are students.插入语插入语 一些在句中插入的结构，如一些在句中插入的结构，如 I think,I believe等及表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰等及表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语，如全句的状语，如perhaps,maybe,in fact,certainly 等）。等）。The story,I think,has never come to the end.基本句型一基本句型一 主谓结构主谓结构 主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词 (S+V)The bell is ringing.The time passed qui
12、ckly.Classes begin at 7 every day.The birds were flying towards the wood.注意：不及物动词（vi.）能表达完整的意思,没有宾语基本句型二基本句型二 主谓宾结构主谓宾结构 主语主语+及物动词及物动词 +宾语宾语(S+V+O)I love you.We have planted a lot of trees in our school.He likes reading.(enjoy,love,hate)I want to go home.注意：动名词短语、不定式短语作宾语基本句型三基本句型三 主系表结构主系表结构 主语主语+系
13、动词系动词 +表语表语(S+V+P)His face turned red.Computers are useful in peoples life.He is growing tall and strong.系动词：表语多为形容词连系动词类型连系动词类型 1)状态系动词 be 2)持续系动词 keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand 3)表象系动词 seem,appear 4)感官系动词 look,smell,taste,sound,feel 5)变化系动词 become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 6)终止系动词 prove,turn
14、 out基本句型四基本句型四 双宾结构双宾结构 主语主语+双宾动词双宾动词 +间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语(S+V+o+O)He bought me a birthday present.The waiter gave me a cup of tea.动词动词+间接宾语间接宾语(人人)+直接宾语（物）直接宾语（物）She showed her new house to us.Shall I call a taxi for you?动词动词+直接宾语直接宾语+介词介词(to/for)+间接宾语间接宾语 常见由常见由to连接间接宾语的动词有：连接间接宾语的动词有：pass,give,show
15、,take，send,hand，bring,offer,read,lend,tell,return,write,wish,teach,promise,pay等；等；由由for连接间接宾语的动词有：连接间接宾语的动词有：buy,cook,get,sing,make,find,do,fetch,reserve,save,play等等基本句型五基本句型五 复合宾语结构复合宾语结构 主语主语+动词动词 +宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)The war made him a soldier.Miss Wang told me not to worry.补语：对宾语起补充说明作用 Cant
16、 you keep your bed clean?（形容词）We elected him monitor.（名词）We found nobody in.(副词)Please make yourself at home.(介词短语）Dont let him do that.（省to不定式）I told you not to be late.（带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning.（现在分词）Ill have my car washed.（过去分词）需要宾补的动词有：keep,leave,find,let,make,call,believe,consider,th
17、ink,want等试区分：试区分：I told you to clean the classroom.I will tell you a story.I want to go home.I want you to go home.He calls the bird“Polly”.He calls me a taxi.复合宾语结构复合宾语结构双宾结构双宾结构主谓宾结构主谓宾结构复合宾语结构复合宾语结构复合宾语结构复合宾语结构双宾结构双宾结构There be There be 句型句型 there在句中处于主语位置，起形式主语形式主语的作用，真正的主语真正的主语是随后的名词词组。其谓语动词通常是b
18、e的各种时、体等形式。There is ice on the lake.There were three students in the classroom then.There has never been anybody like you.There will be snow on high ground.请说出下列句子类型。1.Summer is coming.2.She knows what to do.3.The weather is very cold.4.He showed me a new TV set.5.They wont let me go.主谓结构主谓结构复合宾语结构复
19、合宾语结构双宾语结构双宾语结构主谓宾结构主谓宾结构主系表结构主系表结构判断下列句子的结构类型 1.He is running.2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry.3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions.4.She seemed angry.5.My father bought me a beautiful present.6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？7.Will you tell us an excitin
20、g story？8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.10.Can you push the window open？并列句并列句(compound sentence):把两个或几个简单句用把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接起来，则成连接起来，则成为一个并列句。为一个并列句。常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions 平行并列连词平行并列连词:转折并列连词：转折并列连词：因果并列连词因果并列连词:选择并列连词选择并列
21、连词:and,bothand,not only but also,neithernorbut,however,whereas,yet，whilefor,so,therefore,thusor,eitheror请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。1.He was tired.He went to bed.2.The child hid behind his mothers skirt.He was afraid of the dog.He was tired,so he went to bed.The child hid behind his mothers skirt,for he
22、was afraid of the dog.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.Mary is opening the door.John is greeting her guests.Mary is opening the door,and John is greeting her guests.复合句(complex sentence):主句+从句 主句是一个完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能
23、独立存在。在复合句中，主要包含以下类型在复合句中，主要包含以下类型从句从句：1.主语从句主语从句 2.宾语从句宾语从句 3.表语从句表语从句 4.定语从句定语从句 5.状语从句状语从句 6.同位语从句同位语从句名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句.复合句复合句名词性从句名词性从句1)主语从句主语从句*What he said is not known.*That we shall be late is certain.*It is certain that we shall be late.*How stran
24、ge it is that the children are so quiet!2）表语从句表语从句*That is what he wants to buy.*The problem is who we can get to replace her?*The reason is that he has lied to me several times.3)宾语从句宾语从句*I understand that he is well qualified.*He said that he didnt like her.*I dont know if you can help me.4)同位语从句同
25、位语从句*Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?*The question who should do the work requires consideration.*Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.the ideaThe questiona promise注意！注意！*that与与what都可以引导名词性从句。都可以引导名词性从句。*what在从句中充当句子成份（主在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾宾,表）。表）。*That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。在句中只
26、起连接作用，不充当成份。*that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.That is what he wants to buy.That we shall be late is certain.He said(that)he didnt like her.引导词引导词that&what 状语从句状语从句分为九类：分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1)时间状语从句时间状语从句Wait until you are called.When autumn comes,lea
27、ves turn yellow.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,as soon as,whenever等等2)地点状语从句地点状语从句Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere3)原因状语从句原因状语从句As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：because,as,since4)结果状语从句
28、结果状语从句I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so,so that,such that,that 5)目的状语从句目的状语从句Ill show you so you will see how its done.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that6)条件状语从句条件状语从句If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：if,unless,in case that,on co
29、ndition that常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：though,although,if even if,even though,whereas 7)让步状语从句让步状语从句Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as,as if,as though,how常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so,so that,as far as,so long as8)方式状语从句方式状语从句He did just as you told him.9)程度状语从句程度状语从句So long as you need me,Ill stay.Grammarsentences
